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Highly effective prophylactic vaccines are available for two of the most important cancer-causing infections, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) (see Infection). In 2022, there were an estimated 254 million people globally with chronic HBV infection; HBV infection causes nearly one million deaths annually, mostly from cirrhosis and1

For every 10 premature deaths (ages 30-69 years) from noncommunicable disease today, four are due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and three are due to cancer. As countries undergo societal and economic transition, these two diseases become the leading causes of death in every country (Map 12.1); in most countries, cancer1

Southern, Eastern, and Southeast Asia are some of the most densely populated regions globally, with over 4.3 billion people (55% of the world population). The region contributes 49% of all new cancer cases (9.2 million) and 53% of cancer deaths (5.1 million) worldwide each year. China and India combined account1

The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region has doubled in population size over the last half-century to 665 million inhabitants today. About 1.5 million new cancer cases and 741,000 cancer deaths, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers, are estimated to occur in the LAC region in 2022. The five most common1

Liver cancer is the sixth most frequently occurring cancer in the world, but due to the poor prognosis associated with the disease, it is the third largest contributor to cancer mortality, with an estimated 870,000 cases and 760,000 deaths in 2022 (Map 18.1).

People are living longer after a cancer diagnosis due to advances in early detection and treatment. There are close to 54 million people worldwide who are currently diagnosed with a cancer diagnosis within five years (Figure 31.1).

There are growing health challenges faced by many countries and territories in Oceania, with a rise in the burden of lifestyle-related diseases such as cancer exacerbated by the impact of climate change. Annually, Oceania has an estimated 197,000 new cancer cases and 73,000 cancer deaths, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers. Cancer1

Northern Africa, Central and West Asia is a diverse region characterized by relatively low but increasing cancer incidence rates. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in both sexes combined in all countries but Egypt (liver cancer), Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (stomach cancer), and Azerbaijan, Armenia, Tunisia, Türkiye (lung cancer) (Map1

In Europe, there are an estimated 4.1 million new cancer cases and almost 2 million cancer deaths each year. Cancers of the female breast, colorectum, lung, and prostate are the most common cancers, representing half of the overall cancer burden in the continent (Figure 27.1).