Figure  

Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) agents by target organ site

CA4
Site
Agent
Brain and Central Nervous System
X-radiation, gamma radiation
Eye
  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)
  • Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
  • Welding
Oral Cavity & Pharynx
Oral Cavity
  • Alcoholic beverages
  • Betel quid with tobacco
  • Betel quid without tobacco
  • Human papillomavirus type 16
  • Smokeless tobacco
Pharynx (Oro-, Hypo- and not otherwise specified)
  • Alcoholic beverages
  • Betel quid with tobacco
  • Human papillomavirus type 16
  • Smoking tobacco
Salivary Gland
  • X-radiation, gamma radiation
Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus
  • Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids
  • Leather dust
  • Nickel compounds
  • Radium-226 and its decay products
  • Radium-223 and its decay products
  • Tobacco smoking
  • Wood dust
Larynx
  • Acid mists, strong inorganic
  • Alcoholic beverages
  • Asbestos (all forms)
  • Smoking tobacco
Lung
  • Achaean process (occupational exposures associated with)
  • Aluminium production
  • Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds
  • Asbestos (all forms)
  • Beryllium and beryllium compounds
  • Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl methyl ether (technical grade)
  • Cadmium and cadmium compounds
  • Chromium (VI) compounds
  • Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion
  • Coal gasification
  • Coal-tar pitch
  • Coke production
  • Diesel engine exhausts
  • Hematite mining (underground)
  • Iron and steel founding
  • MOPP (vincristine-prednisone nitrogen mustard–procarbazine mixture)
  • Nickel compounds
  • Outdoor air pollution
  • Outdoor air pollution, particulate matter
  • Painter (occupational exposure as)
  • Plutonium
  • Radon-222 and its decay products
  • Rubber production industry
  • Silica dust, crystalline
  • Soot
  • Sulfur mustard
  • Tobacco smoke, secondhand
  • Tobacco smoking
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation
  • Welding fumes
Mesothelium
  • Asbestos (all forms)
  • Erionite
  • Firefighter (occupational exposure as)
  • Fluoro-edenite
  • Painter (occupational exposure as)
Thyroid
  • Radioiodines, including iodine-131 (exposure during childhood and adolescence)
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Hematopoietic System
  • Azathioprine
  • Benzene
  • Busulfan
  • 1,3-Butadiene
  • Chlorambucil
  • Cyclophosphamide
  • Cyclosporine
  • Epstein-Barr virus
  • Etoposide with cisplatin and bleomycin
  • Fission products, including Strontium-90
  • Formaldehyde
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Hepatitis C virus
  • HIV type 1
  • Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1
  • Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus
  • Lindane
  • Melphalan
  • MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen mustard-procarbazine mixture)
  • Pentachlorophenol
  • Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
  • Rubber production industry
  • Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, or methyl-CCNU]
  • Thiotepa
  • Thorium-232 and its decay products
  • Tobacco smoking
  • Treosulfan
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Skin
Melanoma
  • Solar radiation
  • Polychlorinated biphenyls
  • Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
Other Malignant Neoplasms
  • Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds
  • Azathioprine
  • Coal-tar distillation
  • Coal-tar pitch
  • Cyclosporine
  • Methoxsalen plus ultraviolet A
  • Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated
  • Shale oils
  • Solar radiation
  • Soot
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Bone
  • Plutonium
  • Radium-224 and its decay products
  • Radium-226 and its decay products
  • Radium-228 and its decay products
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Breast
  • Alcoholic beverages
  • Diethylstilbestrol
  • Estrogen-progestogen contraceptives
  • Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation
Digestive System
Esophagus
  • Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages
  • Alcoholic beverages
  • Betel quid with tobacco
  • Betel quid without tobacco
  • Smokeless tobacco
  • Tobacco smoking
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation
UPPER AERODIGESTIVE TRACT
  • Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages
STOMACH
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Rubber production industry
  • Tobacco smoking
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation
LIVER (ANGIOSARCOMA)
  • Vinyl chloride
LIVER (HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA)
  • Aflatoxins
  • Alcoholic beverages
  • Estrogen-progestogen contraceptives
  • Hepatitis B virus
  • Hepatitis C virus
  • Plutonium
  • Thorium-232 and its decay products
  • Tobacco smoking (in smokers and in smokers' children)
GALLBLADDER
  • Thorium-232 and its decay products
BILIARY TRACT
  • Chlonorchis sinensis
  • 1,2-Dichloropropane
  • Opisthorchis viverrini
PANCREAS
  • Smokeless tobacco
  • Tobacco smoking
COLON AND RECTUM
  • Alcoholic beverages
  • Processed meat (consumption of)
  • Tobacco smoking
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation
ANUS
  • HIV type 1
  • Human papillomavirus type 16
Urinary System
KIDNEY
  • Tobacco smoking
  • Trichloroethylene
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation
RENAL PELVIS
  • Aristolochic acid, plants containing
  • Phenacetin
  • Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
  • Tobacco smoking
URINARY BLADDER
  • Aluminum production
  • 4-Aminobiphenyl
  • Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds
  • Auramine production
  • Benzidine
  • Chlornaphazine
  • Cyclophosphamide
  • Firefighter (occupational exposure as)
  • Magenta production
  • 2-Naphthylamine
  • Opium consumption
  • Painter (occupational exposure as)
  • Rubber production industry
  • Schistosoma haematobium
  • Tobacco smoking
  • ortho-Toluidine
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation
URETER
  • Aristolochic acid, plants containing
  • Phenacetin
  • Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
  • Tobacco smoking
Genital System
Uterine Cervix
  • Diethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero)
  • Estrogen-progestogen contraceptives
  • HIV type 1
  • Human papillomavirus type 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59
  • Tobacco smoking
Endometrium
  • Estrogen menopausal therapy
  • Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy
  • Tamoxifen
Ovary
  • Asbestos (all forms)
  • Estrogen menopausal therapy
  • Tobacco smoking
Vagina
  • Human papillomavirus type 16
Vulva
  • Human papillomavirus type 16
Penis
  • Human papillomavirus type 16
Multiple Sites (Partly Unspecified)
  • Cyclosporine
  • Fission products, including Strontium-90
  • X-radiation, gamma-radiation (exposure in utero)
All Cancers Combined
  • 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin
Endothelium (Kaposi Sarcoma)
  • HIV type 1
  • Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus
Less Than Sufficient Evidence in Humans*
  • Areca nut
  • Aristolochic Acid
  • Benzidine, dyes metabolized to
  • Benzo[a]pyrene
  • Ethanol in alcoholic beverages
  • Ethylene oxide
  • Etoposide
  • Ionizing radiation (all types)
  • 4,4'-Methylenebis (1-chloroaniline) (MOCA)
  • Neutron radiation
  • N'-Nitrosonornicotine, (NNN) and 4-(N-nitro-methyl-amino-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-but none (NNK)
  • 2,3,4,5,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
  • 3,4,5,3',4'-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)
  • Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
  • Polychlorinated biphenyls dioxin like, with a Toxic Equivalent Factor according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 167, 169, 189)
  • Radionuclides, alpha-particle emitting, internally deposited
  • Radionuclides, beta-particle emitting, internally deposited
  • Ultraviolet radiation