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Editors Ahmedin Jemal, DVM, PhD, American Cancer Society Hyuna Sung, PhD, American Cancer Society Kieran Kelly, MPH, American Cancer Society Isabelle Soerjomataram, MD, PhD, International Agency for Research on Cancer Freddie Bray, MSc, PhD, International Agency for Research on Cancer

Each country has opportunities to prevent and control cancer through resource-stratified evidence-based interventions across the entire cancer care continuum, from risk factor prevention, early detection and timely diagnosis, to quality treatment, survivorship, palliative care, and end-of-life care (Figure 32.1).

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with an estimated 1.9 million new cases and 900,000 deaths. Incidence rates range from <5 per 100,000 in Cape Verde, Sierra Leone, and India to >45 per 100,000 in Denmark and Norway (Map 16.1) and are strongly correlated with1

Costs of new cancer treatments have grown exponentially and patients are treated longer with more agents, increasing the economic burden for patients and families, health care systems, and countries. The economic burden of cancer also includes indirect costs, measured as productivity losses from cancer morbidity and premature mortality, and productivity1

Climate change impacts cancer control in multiple ways (Figure 11.1). First, human activities cause climate change and increase exposures to cancer-causing agents. For example, extraction, processing, and use of fossil fuels not only exacerbates the greenhouse effect but also increases the risk of certain cancers. There is a strong relationship1

Law can be a powerful tool to address the burden of cancer – particularly for long-term, systemic change and addressing the underlying inequities and social determinants of health. Law encompasses a wide range of national, subnational, and international instruments and practices, including legislation, regulation, court cases, international agreements, administrative instruments,1

The cancer community is united behind the common goal of advancing health equity in cancer control. Equity is at the forefront of the global cancer community’s efforts to work toward a world where we can greatly reduce the risk of cancer and ensure that those who have cancer have access1

About 30% of individuals facing serious health-related suffering are affected by cancer (Figure 38.1). Cancer pain remains a common and distressing symptom both during treatment and in survivorship, affecting approximately half of all cancer patients and two-thirds of those with advanced disease.

Cancer survival statistics highlight the degree of health care equity, reflecting the effectiveness of health systems in detecting, diagnosing, and treating cancers. Despite advancements in diagnostics and treatment, substantial disparities persist in international cancer survival both between and within countries due to inequality in the dissemination of advancements in diagnostic1

Cancers occurring in childhood and adolescence differ markedly from adult cancers in terms of the magnitude of the burden and biologic characteristics. Worldwide, the average annual incidence among children aged less than 15 years is 150 cases per million people and among adolescents aged 15-19 years the average annual incidence1