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About 30% of individuals facing serious health-related suffering are affected by cancer (Figure 38.1). Cancer pain remains a common and distressing symptom both during treatment and in survivorship, affecting approximately half of all cancer patients and two-thirds of those with advanced disease.

For every 10 premature deaths (ages 30-69 years) from noncommunicable disease today, four are due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and three are due to cancer. As countries undergo societal and economic transition, these two diseases become the leading causes of death in every country (Map 12.1); in most countries, cancer1

There are two approaches to early detection – screening and early diagnosis. Screening aims to detect cancers or pre-cancerous lesions in otherwise healthy and asymptomatic individuals, whereas early diagnosis identifies symptomatic cancers at the earliest possible stage (Figure 36.1).

There are growing health challenges faced by many countries and territories in Oceania, with a rise in the burden of lifestyle-related diseases such as cancer exacerbated by the impact of climate change. Annually, Oceania has an estimated 197,000 new cancer cases and 73,000 cancer deaths, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers. Cancer1

Reproductive and hormonal factors, both endogenous (naturally synthesized in the body) and exogenous (man-made), play important roles in the development of common cancers, including breast, endometrial, ovarian, and cervical cancer, with the strength and direction of these associations varying by cancer types (Figure 9.1). Increased access to higher education, evolving1

Cancer-causing environmental pollutants can occur naturally (e.g., radon or arsenic) or are man-made (e.g., air pollution from burning fuels), and they can be found in the air, soil, or water. Radon, a radioactive gas that can accumulate in buildings, is the second leading cause of lung cancer in many countries,1

Cancer survival statistics highlight the degree of health care equity, reflecting the effectiveness of health systems in detecting, diagnosing, and treating cancers. Despite advancements in diagnostics and treatment, substantial disparities persist in international cancer survival both between and within countries due to inequality in the dissemination of advancements in diagnostic1

Today, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (27% of all cancer cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (16% of all cancer deaths) in women globally, ranking the cancer first in 158 countries for incidence and 111 countries for mortality (see Overview of Geographic Diversity). While incidence1

Law can be a powerful tool to address the burden of cancer – particularly for long-term, systemic change and addressing the underlying inequities and social determinants of health. Law encompasses a wide range of national, subnational, and international instruments and practices, including legislation, regulation, court cases, international agreements, administrative instruments,1

The cancer community is united behind the common goal of advancing health equity in cancer control. Equity is at the forefront of the global cancer community’s efforts to work toward a world where we can greatly reduce the risk of cancer and ensure that those who have cancer have access1