Resources — Research Supplements

Sources and Methods

Introduction

Figures

  • Figure 1.1: Ferlay J, Laversanne M, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Tomorrow (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/tomorrow. Accessed October 25, 2025.
Chapter 02

Overview

Opening Statement

  1. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. Aug 20 2022;400(10352):563-591. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01438-6

Quote

  1. Drexler, M. Harvard Public Health. The Cancer Miracle Isn’t a Cure. It's Prevention. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/the-cancer-miracle-isnt-a-cure-its-prevention/. Accessed November 20, 2024.

Text

  1. Hiscock R, Bauld L, Amos A, Fidler JA, Munafò M. Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Feb 2012;1248:107-23. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06202.x
  2. Islami F, Stoklosa M, Drope J, Jemal A. Global and Regional Patterns of Tobacco Smoking and Tobacco Control Policies. Eur Urol Focus. Aug 2015;1(1):3-16. doi:10.1016/j.euf.2014.10.001
  3. Sreeramareddy CT, Acharya K. Trends in Prevalence of Tobacco Use by Sex and Socioeconomic Status in 22 Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2003-2019. JAMA Netw Open. Dec 1 2021;4(12):e2137820. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37820
  4. Vaccarella S, Georges D, Bray F, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality between and within countries in Europe: a population-based study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. Feb 2023;25:100551. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100551
  5. Safiri S, Nejadghaderi SA, Abdollahi M, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of cancers attributable to tobacco smoking in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019. Cancer Med. Jul 2022;11(13):2662-2678. doi:10.1002/cam4.4647
  6. de Martel C, Georges D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Clifford GM. Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis. Lancet Glob Health. Feb 2020;8(2):e180-e190. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30488-7
  7. Pearson-Stuttard J, Zhou B, Kontis V, Bentham J, Gunter MJ, Ezzati M. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to diabetes and high body-mass index: a comparative risk assessment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. Jun 2018;6(6):e6-e15. doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30150-5
  8. Rumgay H, Shield K, Charvat H, et al. Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. Aug 2021;22(8):1071-1080. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00279-5
  9. Arnold M, de Vries E, Whiteman DC, et al. Global burden of cutaneous melanoma attributable to ultraviolet radiation in 2012. Int J Cancer. Sep 15 2018;143(6):1305-1314. doi:10.1002/ijc.31527
  10. El Ghissassi F, Baan R, Straif K, et al. A review of human carcinogens--part D: radiation. Lancet Oncol. Aug 2009;10(8):751-2. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70213-x
  11. Bruni L, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, Ferrer E, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: meta-analysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings. J Infect Dis. Dec 15 2010;202(12):1789-99. doi:10.1086/657321

Maps

  • Map 2.1: Global Cancer Observatory: Cancers Attributable to Infections (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.fr/causes/infections/home. With additional data provided by author Gary Clifford.

Figures

  • Figure 2.1: Smoking/excess body fatness: Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. May 18 2024;403(10440):2162-2203. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4
  • Figure 2.1: Infectious Agents: de Martel C, Georges D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Clifford GM. Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis. Lancet Glob Health. Feb 2020;8(2):e180-e190. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30488-7
  • Figure 2.1: Alcohol: Rumgay H, Shield K, Charvat H, et al. Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. Aug 2021;22(8):1071-1080. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00279-5
  • Figure 2.2: World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory. Prevalence of obesity among adults, BMI ≥30 (age-standardized estimate). https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-obesity-among-adults-bmi--30-(age-standardized-estimate)-(-). Accessed May 20, 2024.
  • Figure 2.3: Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. May 18 2024;403(10440):2162-2203. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4
Chapter 03

Human Carcinogens

Text

  1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. List of Classifications - IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications. Accessed July 12, 2024.
  2. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Outdoor Air Pollution: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 109, IARC monographs. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2016.
  3. IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1987-. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294452/.
  4. Loomis D, Guha N, Hall AL, Straif K. Identifying occupational carcinogens: an update from the IARC Monographs. Occup Environ Med. Aug 2018;75(8):593-603. doi:10.1136/oemed-2017-104944
Chapter 04

Tobacco

Quotes

  1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Eliminating Tobacco-Related Disease and Death: Addressing Disparities, A Report of the Surgeon General. November 19, 2024. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-sgr-tobacco-related-health-disparities-exec-summary.pdf. Accessed November 20, 2024.

Text

  1. Rumgay H, Nethan ST, Shah R, et al. Global burden of oral cancer in 2022 attributable to smokeless tobacco and areca nut consumption: a population attributable fraction analysis. The Lancet Oncology. 2024;25(11):1413-1423. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00458-3
  2. Hughes T, Harper A, Gupta S, et al. The current and future global burden of cancer among adolescents and young adults: a population-based study. The Lancet Oncology.

Maps

Figures

  • Figure 4.1: Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. May 18 2024;403(10440):2162-2203. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4
  • Figure 4.2: American Academy of Pediatrics. "Addressing Pediatric Tobacco and Nicotine Use: Considerations for Clinicians." https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/tobacco-control-and-prevention/youth-tobacco-cessation/tobacco-use-considerations-for-clinicians/. Accessed August 5, 2024.
  • Figure 4.3: Jerzyński T, Stimson GV, Shapiro H, Król G. Estimation of the global number of e-cigarette users in 2020. Harm Reduction Journal. 2021/10/23 2021;18(1):109. doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00556-7
  • Figure 4.4: World Health Organization. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2030. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240088283. Accessed August 5, 2024.
Chapter 05

Infection

Quotes

  1. World Health Organization. "WHO guideline for screening and treatment of cervical pre-cancer lesions for cervical cancer prevention, second edition." https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240040434. Accessed August 5, 2024.
  2. World Health Organization. "Elimination of Hepatitis by 2030." https://www.who.int/health-topics/hepatitis/elimination-of-hepatitis-by-2030#tab=tab_1. Accessed August 5, 2024.
  3. World Health Organization. "Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative." https://www.who.int/initiatives/cervical-cancer-elimination-initiative. Accessed August 5, 2024.

Maps

  • Map 5.1: Global Cancer Observatory: Cancers Attributable to Infections (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.fr/causes/infections/home. With updated data provided by author Gary Clifford.

Figures

  • Figures 5.1-5.3: Global Cancer Observatory: Cancers Attributable to Infections (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.fr/causes/infections/home. With updated data provided by author Gary Clifford.
Chapter 06

Body Fatness, Physical Activity, and Diet

Text

  1. Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K. Body Fatness and Cancer--Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med. Aug 25 2016;375(8):794-8. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1606602
  2. Sung H, Siegel RL, Torre LA, et al. Global patterns in excess body weight and the associated cancer burden. CA Cancer J Clin. Mar 2019;69(2):88-112. doi:10.3322/caac.21499
  3. Ritchie H, Roser M: Obesity. In Our World in Data, 2024.
  4. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research: Diet, nutrition, physical activity and cancer: a global perspective. Continuous update project expert report 2018. 2018.
  5. Cordova R, Viallon V, Fontvieille E, et al. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: a multinational cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. Dec 2023;35:100771. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100771
  6. Ritchie H, Roser M: Interactive Charts on Diet Compositions. In Our World in Data, 2024.
  7. Monteiro CA, Levy RB, Claro RM, Castro IR, Cannon G. A new classification of foods based on the extent and purpose of their processing. Cad Saude Publica. Nov 2010;26(11):2039-49. doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2010001100005
  8. US Department of Health and Human Services: Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report (2018). (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion UDoHaHS ed.: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2018; 2018.

Maps

Figures

  • Figure 6.1: Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. May 18 2024;403(10440):2162-2203. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4
  • Figure 6.2: Baker P, Machado P, Santos T, et al. Ultra-processed foods and the nutrition transition: Global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers. Obes Rev. Dec 2020;21(12):e13126. doi:10.1111/obr.13126
  • Figure 6.3: Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K. Body Fatness and Cancer--Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med. Aug 25 2016;375(8):794-8. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1606602
  • Figure 6.3: World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research: Diet, nutrition, physical activity and cancer: a global perspective. Continuous update project expert report 2018. 2018.
  • Figure 6.3: Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, et al. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Jama. Nov 20 2018;320(19):2020-2028. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.14854
  • Figure 6.4: World Health Organization. "Prevalence of Insufficient Physical Activity Among Adults: Data by World Bank Income Groups." https://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.2487?lang=en. Accessed August 5, 2024.
  • Figure 6.4: World Health Organization. “Prevalence of insufficient physical activity among school going adolescents aged 11-17 years (crude estimate) (%).” https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-insufficient-physical-activity-among-school-going-adolescents-aged-11-17-years. Accessed August 5, 2024.
Chapter 07

Alcohol

Text

  1. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. May 18 2024;403(10440):2162-2203. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4
  2. Personal habits and indoor combustions. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2012;100(Pt E):1-538.
  3. World Cancer Research Fund International. "Alcoholic Drinks and Cancer Risk." https://www.wcrf.org/diet-activity-and-cancer/risk-factors/alcoholic-drinks-and-cancer-risk/. Accessed August 5, 2024.
  4. Gapstur SM, Bouvard V, Nethan ST, et al. The IARC Perspective on Alcohol Reduction or Cessation and Cancer Risk. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023;389(26):2486-2494. doi:doi:10.1056/NEJMsr2306723
  5. Rumgay H, Shield K, Charvat H, et al. Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. Aug 2021;22(8):1071-1080. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00279-5

Maps

Figures

  • Figure 7.1-7.3: Rumgay H, Shield K, Charvat H, et al. Global burden of cancer in 2020 attributable to alcohol consumption: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. Aug 2021;22(8):1071-1080. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00279-5
  • Figure 7.4: World Health Organization. "SAFER - Alcohol Control Initiative." https://www.who.int/initiatives/SAFER. Accessed August 5, 2024.
Chapter 08

Ultraviolet Radiation

Maps

  • Map 8.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/todayx.

Figures

Chapter 09

Reproductive and Hormonal Factors

Text

  1. Jackson SS, Hammer A. Cancer risk among transgender adults: A growing population with unmet needs. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. Nov 2023;102(11):1428-1430. doi:10.1111/aogs.14686
  2. de Blok CJM, Wiepjes CM, Nota NM, et al. Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment: nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. Bmj. May 14 2019;365:l1652. doi:10.1136/bmj.l1652
  3. de Nie I, de Blok CJM, van der Sluis TM, et al. Prostate Cancer Incidence under Androgen Deprivation: Nationwide Cohort Study in Trans Women Receiving Hormone Treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Sep 1 2020;105(9):e3293-9. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa412
  4. Raths F, Karimzadeh M, Ing N, et al. The molecular consequences of androgen activity in the human breast. Cell Genom. Mar 8 2023;3(3):100272. doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100272
  5. American Association for Cancer Research. Reducing the Risk of Cancer Development. https://cancerprogressreport.aacr.org/progress/cpr23-contents/cpr23-reducing-the-risk-of-cancer-development/. Accessed August 28, 2024.

Figures

Chapter 10

Environmental Pollutants and Occupational Exposures

Text

  1. World Health Organization. WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
  2. Podgorski J, Berg M. Global threat of arsenic in groundwater. Science. 2020/05/22 2020;368(6493):845-850. doi:10.1126/science.aba1510
  3. World Health Organization. Global Heath Observatory: Air pollution data portal. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/air-pollution. Accessed July 12, 2024.
  4. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Outdoor Air Pollution: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 109, IARC monographs. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2016.
  5. Gordon SB, Bruce NG, Grigg J, et al. Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries. Lancet Respir Med. Oct 2014;2(10):823-60. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70168-7
  6. Zahm S, Bonde JP, Chiu WA, et al. Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Lancet Oncol. Jan 2024;25(1):16-17. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00622-8
  7. Pruss-Ustun A, Wolf J, Corvalan C, Bos R, Neira M. Preventing Disease Through Healthy Environments: A global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks. World Health Organization. Geneva; 2016.
  8. Espina C, Porta M, Schüz J, et al. Environmental and Occupational Interventions for Primary Prevention of Cancer: A Cross-Sectorial Policy Framework. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2013/04/01 2013;121(4):420-426. doi:10.1289/ehp.1205897

Maps

  • Map 10.1 and 10.2: Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. May 18 2024;403(10440):2162-2203. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4

Figures

  • Figure 10.1: International Agency for Research on Cancer. List of Classifications - IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications. Accessed July 12, 2024.
  • Figure 10.1: Loomis D, Guha N, Hall AL, Straif K. Identifying occupational carcinogens: an update from the IARC Monographs. Occup Environ Med. Aug 2018;75(8):593-603. doi:10.1136/oemed-2017-104944
  • Figure 10.2: International Agency for Research on Cancer. List of Classifications - IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications. Accessed July 12, 2024.
Chapter 11

Climate Change and Cancer

Text

  1. Nogueira LM, Yabroff KR. Climate change and cancer: the Environmental Justice perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst. Jan 10 2024;116(1):15-25. doi:10.1093/jnci/djad185
  2. Nogueira L, Florez N. The Impact of Climate Change on Global Oncology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. Feb 2024;38(1):105-121. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2023.07.004
  3. Nogueira LM, Sherman JD, Shultz JM. Derailing Carcinogens-Oncologists and the Ohio Train Derailment. JAMA Oncol. Jan 1 2024;10(1):25-26. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.4817
  4. Friedrich MJ. Determining Health Effects of Hazardous Materials Released During Hurricane Harvey. Jama. Dec 19 2017;318(23):2283-2285. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.15558
  5. Nogueira LM, Ross AJ, D'Angelo H, Neta G. Climate Change in Comprehensive Cancer Control Plans in the US. JAMA Oncol. Jul 1 2024;10(7):977-979. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.1294

Figures

  • Figure 11.1: Graphics provided by Dr. Leticia Nogueira, PhD, MPH.
Chapter 12

The Burden

Text

  1. Fadelu T, Rebbeck TR. The rising burden of cancer in low- and middle-Human Development Index countries. Cancer. Aug 15 2021;127(16):2864-2866. doi:10.1002/cncr.33586
  2. World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates 2019: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000-2019. 2024.
  3. Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E, Soerjomataram I. The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer. Aug 15 2021;127(16):3029-3030. doi:10.1002/cncr.33587
  4. Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today. Accessed July 26, 2024
  5. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. May-Jun 2024;74(3):229-263. doi:10.3322/caac.21834

Maps

  • Map 12.1: Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E, Soerjomataram I. The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer. Aug 15 2021;127(16):3029-3030. doi:10.1002/cncr.33587

Figures

  • Figure 12.1-12.4: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today. Accessed July 26, 2024
Chapter 13

Social Inequalities

Text

  1. Sarfati D. Why social inequalities matter in the cancer continuum. In: Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Saracci R, et al., editors. Reducing social inequalities in cancer: evidence and priorities for research. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2019. (IARC Scientific Publications, No. 168.) Chapter 3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK566166/.
  2. Wild CP. Social inequalities and cancer: the imperative to act. In: Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Saracci R, et al., editors. Reducing social inequalities in cancer: evidence and priorities for research. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2019. (IARC Scientific Publications, No. 168.) Chapter 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK566184/.

Figures

  • Figure 13.1: Connolly AM, Jaipaul R. A guide to our new health equity collections page. UK Health Security Agency. January 16, 2018. https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2018/01/16/a-guide-to-our-new-health-equity-collections-page/. Accessed November 11, 2024.
  • Figure 13.2: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 13.3: Vaccarella S, Georges D, Bray F, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality between and within countries in Europe: a population-based study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. Feb 2023;25:100551. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100551
Chapter 14

Lung Cancer

Text

  1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. May-Jun 2024;74(3):229-263. doi:10.3322/caac.21834
  2. Fidler-Benaoudia MM, Torre LA, Bray F, Ferlay J, Jemal A. Lung cancer incidence in young women vs. young men: A systematic analysis in 40 countries. Int J Cancer. Aug 1 2020;147(3):811-819. doi:10.1002/ijc.32809
  3. Lortet-Tieulent J, Soerjomataram I, Ferlay J, Rutherford M, Weiderpass E, Bray F. International trends in lung cancer incidence by histological subtype: adenocarcinoma stabilizing in men but still increasing in women. Lung Cancer. Apr 2014;84(1):13-22. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.01.009
  4. Zhang Y, Vaccarella S, Morgan E, et al. Global variations in lung cancer incidence by histological subtype in 2020: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. Nov 2023;24(11):1206-1218. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00444-8
  5. Vaccarella S, Georges D, Bray F, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer mortality between and within countries in Europe: a population-based study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. Feb 2023;25:100551. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100551
  6. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Beelen R, et al. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Lancet Oncol. Aug 2013;14(9):813-22. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70279-1
  7. de Koning HJ, van der Aalst CM, de Jong PA, et al. Reduced Lung-Cancer Mortality with Volume CT Screening in a Randomized Trial. N Engl J Med. Feb 6 2020;382(6):503-513. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa191179

Maps

  • Map 14.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 14.1: Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Ferlay J, Miranda-Filho A, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Over Time. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/overtime .
  • Figure 14.2: Zhang Y, Vaccarella S, Morgan E, et al. Global variations in lung cancer incidence by histological subtype in 2020: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. Nov 2023;24(11):1206-1218. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00444-8
Chapter 15

Breast Cancer

Text

  1. Heer E, Harper A, Escandor N, Sung H, McCormack V, Fidler-Benaoudia MM. Global burden and trends in premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer: a population-based study. Lancet Glob Health. Aug 2020;8(8):e1027-e1037. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30215-1
  2. Glass AG, Lacey JV, Carreon JD, Hoover RN. Breast cancer incidence, 1980-2006: combined roles of menopausal hormone therapy, screening mammography, and estrogen receptor status. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2007;99 15:1152-61.
  3. Joko-Fru WY, Griesel M, Mezger NCS, et al. Breast Cancer Diagnostics, Therapy, and Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Population-Based Registry Study. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. Dec 29 2021;20(13)doi:10.6004/jnccn.2021.7011
  4. Jedy-Agba E, McCormack V, Adebamowo C, Dos-Santos-Silva I. Stage at diagnosis of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. Dec 2016;4(12):e923-e935. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(16)30259-5

Maps

  • Map 15.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 15.1-15.2: Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Ferlay J, Miranda-Filho A, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Over Time. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/overtime.
  • Figure 15.3: Ferlay J, Laversanne M, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Tomorrow (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/tomorrow.
Chapter 16

Colorectal Cancer

Text

  1. Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut. Apr 2017;66(4):683-691. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310912
  2. Schreuders EH, Ruco A, Rabeneck L, et al. Colorectal cancer screening: a global overview of existing programmes. Gut. Oct 2015;64(10):1637-49. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-309086
  3. Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Anderson WF, et al. Colorectal Cancer Incidence Patterns in the United States, 1974-2013. J Natl Cancer Inst. Aug 1 2017;109(8)doi:10.1093/jnci/djw322
  4. Chung RY, Tsoi KKF, Kyaw MH, Lui AR, Lai FTT, Sung JJ. A population-based age-period-cohort study of colorectal cancer incidence comparing Asia against the West. Cancer Epidemiol. Apr 2019;59:29-36. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2019.01.007
  5. Larsen IK, Bray F. Trends in colorectal cancer incidence in Norway 1962-2006: an interpretation of the temporal patterns by anatomic subsite. Int J Cancer. Feb 1 2010;126(3):721-32. doi:10.1002/ijc.24839
  6. Siegel RL, Torre LA, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence in young adults. Gut. Dec 2019;68(12):2179-2185. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319511
  7. O'Connell JB, Maggard MA, Liu JH, Etzioni DA, Livingston EH, Ko CY. Rates of colon and rectal cancers are increasing in young adults. Am Surg. Oct 2003;69(10):866-72.
  8. Araghi M, Soerjomataram I, Bardot A, et al. Changes in colorectal cancer incidence in seven high-income countries: a population-based study. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2019;4(7):511-518. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30147-5
  9. Vuik FE, Nieuwenburg SA, Bardou M, et al. Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults in Europe over the last 25 years. Gut. Oct 2019;68(10):1820-1826. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317592
  10. Keum N, Giovannucci E. Global burden of colorectal cancer: emerging trends, risk factors and prevention strategies. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2019/12/01 2019;16(12):713-732. doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0189-8
  11. Lauby-Secretan B, Vilahur N, Bianchini F, Guha N, Straif K. The IARC Perspective on Colorectal Cancer Screening. N Engl J Med. May 3 2018;378(18):1734-1740. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1714643
  12. Shaukat A, Levin TR. Current and future colorectal cancer screening strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. Aug 2022;19(8):521-531. doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00612-y
  13. Montalvan-Sanchez EE, Norwood DA, Dougherty M, et al. Colorectal Cancer Screening Programs in Latin America: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Network Open. 2024;7(2):e2354256-e2354256. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.54256
  14. Cardoso R, Guo F, Heisser T, et al. Colorectal cancer incidence, mortality, and stage distribution in European countries in the colorectal cancer screening era: an international population-based study. The Lancet Oncology. 2021;22(7):1002-1013. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00199-6
  15. Arnold M, Abnet CC, Neale RE, et al. Global Burden of 5 Major Types of Gastrointestinal Cancer. Gastroenterology. Jul 2020;159(1):335-349.e15. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.068

Maps

  • Map 16.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 16.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 16.2: Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Ferlay J, Miranda-Filho A, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Over Time. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/overtime.
  • Figure 16.3: American Cancer Society. Colorectal Cancer Facts & Figures 2023-2025. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2023
  • Figure 16.4: Lauby-Secretan B, Vilahur N, Bianchini F, Guha N, Straif K. The IARC Perspective on Colorectal Cancer Screening. N Engl J Med. May 3 2018;378(18):1734-1740. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1714643
Chapter 17

Cervical Cancer

Text

  1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. May-Jun 2024;74(3):229-263. doi:10.3322/caac.21834
  2. World Health Organization. Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative. https://www.who.int/initiatives/cervical-cancer-elimination-initiative. Accessed January 10, 2024.
  3. Bruni L, Saura-Lázaro A, Montoliu A, et al. HPV vaccination introduction worldwide and WHO and UNICEF estimates of national HPV immunization coverage 2010-2019. Prev Med. Mar 2021;144:106399. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106399
  4. Burmeister CA, Khan SF, Schäfer G, et al. Cervical cancer therapies: Current challenges and future perspectives. Tumour Virus Res. Jun 2022;13:200238. doi:10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200238

Maps

  • Map 17.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 17.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 17.2: Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Ferlay J, Miranda-Filho A, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Over Time. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/overtime.
  • Figure 17.3: World Health Organization. Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative. https://www.who.int/initiatives/cervical-cancer-elimination-initiative. Accessed January 10, 2024
Chapter 18

Liver Cancer

Maps

  • Map 18.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 18.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 18.2: Plaz Torres MC, Bodini G, Furnari M, et al. Surveillance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Universal or Selective? Cancers. 2020;12(6):1422.
  • Figure 18.3-18.4: Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Ferlay J, Miranda-Filho A, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Over Time. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/overtime.
Chapter 19

Childhood Cancer

Figures

  • Figure 19.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 19.2-19.3: Steliarova-Foucher E, Colombet M, Ries LAG, et al. International incidence of childhood cancer, 2001-10: a population-based registry study. Lancet Oncol. Jun 2017;18(6):719-731. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30186-9
  • Figure 19.4: Dagrun Slettebø Daltveit, Eileen Morgan, Aude Bardot, Eva Steliarova-Foucher, Amanuel Damie, Marc Hagenimana, Nisrine Khoubila, Florencia Moreno, Isabelle Soerjomataram, on behalf of the SURVCAN-3 collaborators. Childhood cancer survival in 23 countries of Africa, Central and South America, and Asia during 2008-17 (SURVCAN-3): a population-based benchmarking study of 16,821 children. In press.
Chapter 20

Human Development Index

Text

  1. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2021–22. Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World. United Nations; 2022. https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22. Accessed Novermber 25, 2024.
  2. Bray F, Jemal A, Grey N, Ferlay J, Forman D. Global cancer transitions according to the Human Development Index (2008-2030): a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. Aug 2012;13(8):790-801. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70211-5
  3. Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  4. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. May-Jun 2024;74(3):229-263. doi:10.3322/caac.21834
  5. Gersten O, Wilmoth JR. The Cancer Transition in Japan since 1951. Demographic Research. 2002;7:271-306.

Maps

Figures

  • Figure 20.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 20.2:Ferlay J, Laversanne M, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Tomorrow (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/tomorrow.
Chapter 21

Cancer in Indigenous Populations

Figures

  • Figure 21.1: Visual Capitalist. Mapped: The World's Indigenous Peoples. Visual Capitalist. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/mapped-the-worlds-indigenous-peoples. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.1: World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.1: United Nations. https://www.un.org/. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.1: United Nations Regional Information Centre (UNRIC). United Nations. https://www.unric.org/. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.2: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer in Australia 2021. Cancer series no. 133. Cat. no. CAN 144. Canberra: AIHW. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-in-australia-2021/summary. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.2: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer in Indigenous Australians. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-in-indigenous-australians/contents/cancer-type. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.2: Te Whatu Ora – Health New Zealand. Cancer Web Tool. https://tewhatuora.shinyapps.io/cancer-web-tool/. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.2: Malagón T, Morais S, Tope P, El-Zein M, Franco EL. Site-Specific Cancer Incidence by Race and Immigration Status in Canada 2006-2015: A Population-Based Data Linkage Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Jul 5 2023;32(7):906-918. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-22-1191
  • Figure 21.2: SEER*Explorer: An interactive website for SEER cancer statistics [Internet]. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute; 2023 Apr 19. [updated: 2023 Nov 16; cited 2024 Feb 23]. https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/. Data source(s): U.S. Mortality Data (1969-2020), National Center for Health Statistics, CDC. Accessed on October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.2: Sanchez-Ramirez DC, Colquhoun A, Parker S, Randall J, Svenson LW, Voaklander D. Cancer incidence and mortality among the Métis population of Alberta, Canada. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2016;75:30059. doi:10.3402/ijch.v75.30059
  • Figure 21.2: Louchini R, Beaupré M. Cancer incidence and mortality among Aboriginal people living on reserves and northern villages in Quebec, 1988–2004. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 2008/12/01 2008;67(5):445-451. doi:10.3402/ijch.v67i5.18355
  • Figure 21.3: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. United States Cancer Statistics (USCS): Tobacco Use. https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/#/TobaccoUse/. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.3: Australian Government. Tobacco Use (Measure 2.15). Indigenous Health Performance Framework. https://www.indigenoushpf.gov.au/measures/2-15-tobacco-use. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.3: Ministry of Health New Zealand. New Zealand Health Survey 2022/23 Annual Data Explorer. https://minhealthnz.shinyapps.io/nz-health-survey-2022-23-annual-data-explorer/_w_20db6f82/#!/explore-topics. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.3: Canadian Tobacco and Nicotine Survey (CTNS): 2022 detailed tables. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-tobacco-nicotine-survey/2022-summary/2022-detailed-tables.html#tblC. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.3: World Health Organization. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2030. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240088283. Accessed October 2, 2024.
  • Figure 21.4: Dasgupta P, Aitken JF, Condon J, et al. Spatial and temporal variations in cervical cancer screening participation among indigenous and non-indigenous women, Queensland, Australia, 2008–2017. Cancer Epidemiology. 2020/12/01/ 2020;69:101849. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2020.101849
  • Figure 21.4: Withrow DR, Amartey A, Marrett LD. Cancer risk factors and screening in the off-reserve First Nations, Métis and non-Aboriginal populations of Ontario. Chronic Dis Inj Can. Jul 2014;34(2-3):103-12.
  • Figure 21.4: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2024) BreastScreen Australia monitoring report 2024, catalogue number CAN 162, AIHW, Australian Government.
  • Figure 21.4: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2024) National bowel cancer screening program monitoring report 2024, catalogue number CAN 160, AIHW, Australian Government.
  • Figure 21.4: U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group. U.S. Cancer Statistics Data Visualizations Tool. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute; https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dataviz, released in June 2024.
  • Figure 21.4: BreastScreen Aotearoa Coverage Report, New Zealand. https://tewhatuora.shinyapps.io/nsu-bsa-coverage/. Accessed October 16, 2024.
  • Figure 21.4: National Cervical Screening Programme Coverage Report, New Zealand. https://tewhatuora.shinyapps.io/nsu-ncsp-coverage/. Accessed October 16, 2024.
  • Figure 21.4: National Bowel Screening Programme, New Zealand. https://tewhatuora.shinyapps.io/nphs-nbsp/. Accessed October 16, 2024.
Chapter 22

Geographic Diversity

Maps

  • Map 22.1 and 22.2: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 22.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 22.2: Ferlay J, Laversanne M, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Tomorrow (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/tomorrow.
Chapter 23

Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa

Text

  1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E, Soerjomataram I. The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer. Aug 15 2021;127(16):3029-3030. doi:10.1002/cncr.33587
  2. Bray F, Parkin DM. Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020: a review of current estimates of the national burden, data gaps, and future needs. Lancet Oncol. Jun 2022;23(6):719-728. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00270-4
  3. Jedy-Agba E, Joko WY, Liu B, et al. Trends in cervical cancer incidence in sub-Saharan Africa. Br J Cancer. Jul 2020;123(1):148-154. doi:10.1038/s41416-020-0831-9
  4. Joko-Fru WY, Jedy-Agba E, Korir A, et al. The evolving epidemic of breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: Results from the African Cancer Registry Network. Int J Cancer. Oct 15 2020;147(8):2131-2141. doi:10.1002/ijc.33014
  5. Seraphin TP, Joko-Fru WY, Kamaté B, et al. Rising Prostate Cancer Incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Trend Analysis of Data from the African Cancer Registry Network. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Jan 2021;30(1):158-165. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-20-1005
  6. Ngwa W, Addai BW, Adewole I, et al. Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a Lancet Oncology Commission. The Lancet Oncology. 2022;23(6):e251-e312. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00720-8

Maps

  • Map 23.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 23.1-23.2: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today
  • Figure 23.3: Ferlay J, Laversanne M, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Tomorrow (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/tomorrow.
Chapter 24

Cancer in Latin America and the Caribbean

Text

  1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E, Soerjomataram I. The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer. Aug 15 2021;127(16):3029-3030. doi:10.1002/cncr.33587
  2. Piñeros M, Laversanne M, Barrios E, et al. An updated profile of the cancer burden, patterns and trends in Latin America and the Caribbean. Lancet Reg Health Am. Sep 2022;13:None. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100294
  3. Bray F, Colombet M, Aitken JF, Bardot A, Eser S, Galceran J, Hagenimana M, Matsuda T, Mery L, Piñeros M, Soerjomataram I, de Vries E, Wiggins C, Won Y-J, Znaor A, Ferlay J, editors (2023). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. XII (IARC Cancer Base No. 19). Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://ci5.iarc.who.int.
  4. Barrios CH, Werutsky G, Mohar A, et al. Cancer control in Latin America and the Caribbean: recent advances and opportunities to move forward. Lancet Oncol. Nov 2021;22(11):e474-e487. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00492-7
  5. Carvalho de Souza M, Giunta DH, Szklo AS, Almeida LM, Szklo M. The tobacco epidemic curve in Brazil: Where are we going? Cancer Epidemiol. Aug 2020;67:101736. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2020.101736
  6. Alonso R, Piñeros M, Laversanne M, et al. Lung cancer incidence trends in Uruguay 1990-2014: An age-period-cohort analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Aug 2018;55:17-22. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2018.04.012
  7. Comision Economica para Amercia Latina y El Caribe C. Los efectos y desafios de la transformacion demografica en America Latina y El Caribe: CEPAL; 2018. https://www.cepal.org/es/enfoques/efectos-desafios-la-transformacion-demografica-america-latina-caribe.

Maps

  • Maps 24.1-24.2: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 24.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
Chapter 25

Cancer in North America

Text

  1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. May-Jun 2024;74(3):229-263. doi:10.3322/caac.21834
  2. de Martel C, Georges D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Clifford GM. Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis. Lancet Glob Health. Feb 2020;8(2):e180-e190. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30488-7
  3. CiNA Explorer: An interactive tool for quick access to key NAACCR cancer statistics based on the Cancer in North America (CiNA) dataset from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. https://apps.naaccr.org/explorer. Springfield, IL: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, Inc. , 2023.
  4. Jemal A, Schafer EJ, Sung H, et al. The Burden of Lung Cancer in Women Compared With Men in the US. JAMA Oncol. Dec 1 2023;9(12):1727-1728. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.4415
  5. SEER*Stat Database: NAACCR Incidence Data - CiNA Research Data, 2000-2020, Public Use (20 Age Groups); includes data from CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries, CCCR’s Provincial and Territorial Registries, and the NCI’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Registries, North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, submitted December 2022., 2023.
  6. Pfeiffer RM, Webb-Vargas Y, Wheeler W, Gail MH. Proportion of U.S. Trends in Breast Cancer Incidence Attributable to Long-term Changes in Risk Factor Distributions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Oct 2018;27(10):1214-1222. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.Epi-18-0098

Maps

  • Map 25.1: CiNA Explorer: An interactive tool for quick access to key NAACCR cancer statistics based on the Cancer in North America (CiNA) dataset from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Available from https://apps.naaccr.org/explorer. Springfield, IL: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, Inc., 2023.

Figures

  • Figure 25.1: Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2024;74(3): 229-263.
  • Figure 25.2: CiNA Explorer: An interactive tool for quick access to key NAACCR cancer statistics based on the Cancer in North America (CiNA) dataset from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Available from https://apps.naaccr.org/explorer. Springfield, IL: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, Inc., 2023.
  • Figure 25.3: Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Ferlay J, Miranda-Filho A, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Over Time. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/overtime
Chapter 26

Cancer in Southern, Eastern, and Southeast Asia

Maps

  • Map 26.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 26.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 26.2: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 26.3: Ferlay J, Laversanne M, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Tomorrow (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/tomorrow.
Chapter 27

Cancer in Europe

Maps

  • Map 27.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 27.1-2: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 27.3: Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Ferlay J, Miranda-Filho A, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Over Time. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/overtime
Chapter 28

Cancer in Northern Africa, Central and West Asia

Regional definitions

  1. North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia); Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan); West Asia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, State of Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, Türkiye, United Arab Emirates, Yemen)

Text

  1. Znaor A, Fouad H, Zahwe M, Eser S, Fadhil I, Soerjomataram I, Hammerich A, Bray F. Cancer surveillance in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a 10-year IARC-WHO EMRO collaboration. Lancet Oncol, in press.
  2. Lyons G, Sankaranarayanan R, Millar AB, Slama S. Scaling up cancer care in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. East Mediterr Health J. Apr 5 2018;24(1):104-110.

Maps

  • Map 28.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figures 28.1-28.4: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
Chapter 29

Cancer in Oceania

  1. Wade S, Weber MF, Sarich P, et al. Fifty-year forecasts of daily smoking prevalence: can Australia reach 5% by 2030? Tobacco Control. 2024;33(5):641. doi:10.1136/tc-2022-057624
  2. Hall MT, Simms KT, Lew J-B, et al. The projected timeframe until cervical cancer elimination in Australia: a modelling study. The Lancet Public Health. 2019;4(1):e19-e27. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30183-X
  3. Whiteman DC, Neale RE, Baade P, Olsen CM, Pandeya N. Changes in the incidence of melanoma in Australia, 2006-2021, by age group and ancestry: a modelling study. Med J Aust. Sep 2 2024;221(5):251-257. doi:10.5694/mja2.52404
  4. Sarfati D, Dyer R, Sam FA, et al. Cancer control in the Pacific: big challenges facing small island states. Lancet Oncol. Sep 2019;20(9):e475-e492. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30400-0
  5. Gordon-Strachan GM, Parker SY, Harewood HC, et al. The 2024 small island developing states report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change. Lancet Glob Health. Dec 4 2024;doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00421-2

Maps

  • Map 29.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 29.1-29.2: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
Chapter 30

Cancer Survival

Text

  1. Joko-Fru WY, Griesel M, Mezger NCS, et al. Breast Cancer Diagnostics, Therapy, and Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Population-Based Registry Study. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. Dec 29 2021;20(13)doi:10.6004/jnccn.2021.7011
  2. McPhail S, Barclay ME, Johnson SA, et al. Use of chemotherapy in patients with oesophageal, stomach, colon, rectal, liver, pancreatic, lung, and ovarian cancer: an International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership (ICBP) population-based study. Lancet Oncol. Mar 2024;25(3):338-351. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(24)00031-7

Maps

  • Map 30.1: Soerjomataram I, Cabasag C, Bardot A, et al. Cancer survival in Africa, central and south America, and Asia (SURVCAN-3): a population-based benchmarking study in 32 countries. The Lancet Oncology. 2023;24(1):22-32. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00704-5
  • Map 30.1: Allemani C, Matsuda T, Di Carlo V, et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet. Mar 17 2018;391(10125):1023-1075. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33326-3

Figures

Chapter 31

Cancer Survivorship

Text

  1. Medicine Io, Council NR. From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition. The National Academies Press; 2006:534.
  2. Yabroff KR, Doran JF, Zhao J, et al. Cancer diagnosis and treatment in working-age adults: Implications for employment, health insurance coverage, and financial hardship in the United States. CA Cancer J Clin. Jul-Aug 2024;74(4):341-358. doi:10.3322/caac.21837
  3. Bhoo-Pathy N, Ng CW, Lim GC, et al. Financial Toxicity After Cancer in a Setting With Universal Health Coverage: A Call for Urgent Action. J Oncol Pract. Jun 2019;15(6):e537-e546. doi:10.1200/jop.18.00619
  4. Frankland J, Brodie H, Cooke D, et al. Follow-up care after treatment for prostate cancer: evaluation of a supported self-management and remote surveillance programme. BMC Cancer. Apr 23 2019;19(1):368. doi:10.1186/s12885-019-5561-0
  5. Alfano CM, Jefford M, Maher J, Birken SA, Mayer DK. Building Personalized Cancer Follow-up Care Pathways in the United States: Lessons Learned From Implementation in England, Northern Ireland, and Australia. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. Jan 2019;39:625-639. doi:10.1200/edbk_238267
  6. Jefford M, Howell D, Li Q, et al. Improved models of care for cancer survivors. Lancet. Apr 16 2022;399(10334):1551-1560. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00306-3
  7. Romero Y, Trapani D, Johnson S, et al. National cancer control plans: a global analysis. Lancet Oncol. Oct 2018;19(10):e546-e555. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30681-8
  8. Jacobsen PB, Mollica MA. Understanding and addressing global inequities in cancer survivorship care. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice. 2019;1(1)

Maps

  • Map 31.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.

Figures

  • Figure 31.1: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 31.2: Halpern MT, Argenbright KE. Evaluation of effectiveness of survivorship programmes: how to measure success? Lancet Oncol. Jan 2017;18(1):e51-e59. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30563-0
  • Figure 31.2: Nekhlyudov L, Mollica MA, Jacobsen PB, Mayer DK, Shulman LN, Geiger AM. Developing a Quality of Cancer Survivorship Care Framework: Implications for Clinical Care, Research, and Policy. J Natl Cancer Inst. Nov 1 2019;111(11):1120-1130. doi:10.1093/jnci/djz089
  • Figure 31.3: Jacobsen PB, Mollica MA. Understanding and addressing global inequities in cancer survivorship care. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice. 2019;1(1)
Chapter 32

Cancer Continuum

Figures

  • Figure 32.1: Romero Y, Tittenbrun Z, Trapani D, et al. The changing global landscape of national cancer control plans. The Lancet Oncology. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00405-4
  • Figure 32.2: Thun MJ, Carter BD, Feskanich D, et al. 50-year trends in smoking-related mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. Jan 24 2013;368(4):351-64. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1211127
  • Figure 32.3: Brisson M, Kim JJ, Canfell K, et al. Impact of HPV vaccination and cervical screening on cervical cancer elimination: a comparative modelling analysis in 78 low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Lancet. Feb 22 2020;395(10224):575-590. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30068-4
  • Figure 32.4: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Laversanne M, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2024). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today.
  • Figure 32.5: Hui D, Hannon BL, Zimmermann C, Bruera E. Improving patient and caregiver outcomes in oncology: Team-based, timely, and targeted palliative care. CA Cancer J Clin. Sep 2018;68(5):356-376. doi:10.3322/caac.21490
Chapter 33

Health Promotion

Text

  1. Islami F, Goding Sauer A, Miller KD, et al. Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States. CA Cancer J Clin. Jan 2018;68(1):31-54. doi:10.3322/caac.21440
  2. World Cancer Research Fund International. The MOVING policy index - Physical activity policy status in 30 European countries. 2023. https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/MOVING-Policy-Brief-May-2024.pdf. Accessed August 23, 2024.
  3. World Cancer Research Fund International. NOURISHING Policy Brief - Nutrition policy status in 30 European countries. May 2023. https://www.wcrf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/NOURISHING-Policy-Brief-May-2023.pdf. Accessed August 23, 2024.
  4. World Cancer Research Fund International. How Ireland Beat the Odds to Introduce Cancer Warning Labels on Alcohol. https://www.wcrf.org/our-blog/how-ireland-beat-the-odds-to-introduce-cancer-warning-labels-on-alcohol/. Accessed August 23, 2024.
  5. World Cancer Research Fund International. Alcohol Policy. https://www.wcrf.org/policy/alcohol-policy/. Accessed November 11, 2024.
  6. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Momentum for Change. Ghent en Garde. https://unfccc.int/climate-action/momentum-for-change/planetary-health/ghent-en-garde. Accessed August 23, 2024.
  7. U.S. Congress. Senate Bill 2133, 118th Congress. https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/2133. Accessed August 23, 2024.

Maps

Figures

Chapter 34

Tobacco Control

Quotes

  1. Silbaugh K, Valle LD, Robertson C. Toward a Tobacco-free Generation — A Birth Date–Based Phaseout Approach. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;390(20):1837-1839. doi:doi:10.1056/NEJMp2403297

Text

  1. Tamil Selvan S, Yeo XX, van der Eijk Y. Which countries are ready for a tobacco endgame? A scoping review and cluster analysis. Lancet Glob Health. Jun 2024;12(6):e1049-e1058. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00085-8
  2. World Health Organization. Tobacco. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco. Accessed July 25, 2024.
  3. World Health Organization. Implementation practices in smokeless tobacco control. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/363378/9789240052291-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed July 25, 2024.
  4. Mehrotra R, Yadav A, Sinha DN, et al. Smokeless tobacco control in 180 countries across the globe: call to action for full implementation of WHO FCTC measures. Lancet Oncol. Apr 2019;20(4):e208-e217. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30084-1

Maps

Figures

  • Figure 34.1: World Health Organization. Who global report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023: protect people from tobacco smoke. https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/tobacco-control/global-tobacco-report-2023. Accessed August 21, 2024.
  • Figure 34.2: Hill C, Legoupil C. Taxation et prix du tabac en France et conséquences sur la consommation. Bull Epidémiol Hebd. 2018;(14-15):309-16. http://invs.santepubliquefrance.fr/beh/2018/14-15/2018_14-15_8.html.
  • Figure 34.3: Death rates: US Mortality Data, 1960-2020, US Mortality Volumes, 1930-1959, National Center for Health Statistics. Cigarette consumption: 1900-1999: US Department of Agriculture. 2000-2015: Consumption of Cigarettes and Combustible Tobacco – United States, 2000-2015. MMWR Weekly Rep 2016; 65(48);1357-1363.
  • Figure 34.4: Jackson SE, Shahab L, Tattan-Birch H, Brown J. Vaping among adults in England who have never regularly smoked: a population-based study, 2016–24. The Lancet Public Health. 2024;9(10):e755-e765. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00183-X
Chapter 35

Vaccination

Text

  1. World Health Organization. Global hepatitis report 2024: action for access in low- and middle-income countries. 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240091672 https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240027077.
  2. World Health O. Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper, July 2017 - Recommendations. Vaccine. Jan 7 2019;37(2):223-225. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.046
  3. World Health Organization. Immunization Dashboard: Hepatitis B vaccination coverage. https://immunizationdata.who.int/global/wiise-detail-page/hepatitis-b-vaccination-coverage?CODE=Global&ANTIGEN=HEPB_BD+HEPB3&YEAR=. Accessed July 16, 2024.
  4. World Health Organization. Immunization Dashboard : Introduction of hepatitis B birth dose. https://immunizationdata.who.int/global/wiise-detail-page/introduction-of-hepb-birth-dose?ISO_3_CODE=&YEAR=. Accessed July 16, 2024.
  5. de Martel C, Georges D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Clifford GM. Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis. Lancet Glob Health. Feb 2020;8(2):e180-e190. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30488-7
  6. Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper (2022 update); WER. No 50, 2022, 97, 645–672.
  7. World Health Organization. Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals: HPV Dashboard. https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/diseases/human-papillomavirus-vaccines-(HPV)/hpv-clearing-house/hpv-. Accessed March 28, 2024.
  8. World Health Organization. Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240014107. Accessed March 28, 2024.
  9. Palmer TJ, Kavanagh K, Cuschieri K, et al. Invasive cervical cancer incidence following bivalent human papillomavirus vaccination: a population-based observational study of age at immunization, dose, and deprivation. J Natl Cancer Inst. Jun 7 2024;116(6):857-865. doi:10.1093/jnci/djad263

Maps

Figures

  • Figure 35.1: Global Cancer Observatory: Cancers Attributable to Infections (version 1.1). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.fr/causes/infections/home.. With updated data provided by Gary Clifford.
  • Figure 35.2: Bruni L, Saura-Lázaro A, Montoliu A, Brotons M, Alemany L, Diallo MS, Afsar OZ, LaMontagne DS, Mosina L, Contreras M, Velandia-González M, Pastore R, Gacic-Dobo M, Bloem P. HPV vaccination introduction worldwide and WHO and UNICEF estimates of national HPV immunization coverage 2010-2019. Prev Med. 2021 Mar;144:106399. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106399. Epub 2020 Dec 31. Erratum in: Prev Med. 2022 Feb;155:106925. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106925. PMID: 33388322.
Chapter 36

Early Detection

Text

  1. World Health O. Front Matter. 2017:[i]-[iii]. GUIDE TO CANCER EARLY DIAGNOSIS. Accessed 2024/10/11/. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep27872.1.

Maps

  • Map 36.1: Arbyn M., Currently applied policies for cervical cancer screening: a world survey. XXIV FIGO World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Paris (France), 9-12 October, 2023.

Figures

Chapter 37

Management and Treatment

Text

  1. Sullivan R, Alatise OI, Anderson BO, et al. Global cancer surgery: delivering safe, affordable, and timely cancer surgery. Lancet Oncol. Sep 2015;16(11):1193-224. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00223-5
  2. Meara JG, Leather AJ, Hagander L, et al. Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Lancet. Aug 8 2015;386(9993):569-624. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60160-x
  3. Perera SK, Jacob S, Wilson BE, et al. Global demand for cancer surgery and an estimate of the optimal surgical and anaesthesia workforce between 2018 and 2040: a population-based modelling study. Lancet Oncol. Feb 2021;22(2):182-189. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30675-6
  4. Are C, Murthy SS, Sullivan R, et al. Global Cancer Surgery: pragmatic solutions to improve cancer surgery outcomes worldwide. Lancet Oncol. Dec 2023;24(12):e472-e518. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00412-6
  5. Fundytus A, Sengar M, Lombe D, et al. Access to cancer medicines deemed essential by oncologists in 82 countries: an international, cross-sectional survey. Lancet Oncol. Oct 2021;22(10):1367-1377. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00463-0
  6. Yadav V. More than just price cuts: Improving access to essential cancer drugs in low and lower-middle-income countries. https://inbeeo.com/2022/09/02/more-than-just-price-cuts-improving-access-to-essential-cancer-drugs-in-low-and-lower-middle-income-countries/. Published 2022.
  7. Christ SM, Willmann J. Measuring Global Inequity in Radiation Therapy: Resource Deficits in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Without Radiation Therapy Facilities. Adv Radiat Oncol. Jul-Aug 2023;8(4):101175. doi:10.1016/j.adro.2023.101175
  8. International Atomic Energy Agency. Directory of Radiotherapy Centres (DIRAC): Number of Radiotherapy Machines per Million People (2023). https://dirac.iaea.org/Query/Map2?mapId=0. Accessed August 23, 2024.
  9. Staffing in Radiotherapy: An Activity Based Approach. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency; 2015.
  10. Karim S, Sunderji Z, Jalink M, et al. Oncology training and education initiatives in low and middle income countries: a scoping review. Ecancermedicalscience. 2021;15:1296. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2021.1296
  11. Anakwenze Akinfenwa CP, Ibraheem A, Nwankwo K, et al. Emerging Use of Public-Private Partnerships in Public Radiotherapy Facilities in Nigeria. JCO Glob Oncol. Aug 2021;7:1260-1269. doi:10.1200/go.21.00066
  12. Sarria GR, Martinez DA, Li B, et al. Leveling Up the Access to Radiation Therapy in Latin America: Economic Analysis of Investment, Equity, and Inclusion Opportunities Up to 2030. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. Jun 1 2023;116(2):448-458. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.12.012
  13. Maitre P, Krishnatry R, Chopra S, et al. Modern Radiotherapy Technology: Obstacles and Opportunities to Access in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. JCO Glob Oncol. Jul 2022;8:e2100376. doi:10.1200/go.21.00376
  14. Grover S, Chiyapo SP, Puri P, et al. Multidisciplinary Gynecologic Oncology Clinic in Botswana: A Model for Multidisciplinary Oncology Care in Low- and Middle-Income Settings. J Glob Oncol. Oct 2017;3(5):666-670. doi:10.1200/jgo.2016.006353
  15. Kassick M, Abdel-Wahab M. Efforts to improve radiation oncology collaboration worldwide. Lancet Oncol. Jun 2021;22(6):751-753. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00215-1
  16. Wilson BE, Jacob S, Yap ML, Ferlay J, Bray F, Barton MB. Estimates of global chemotherapy demands and corresponding physician workforce requirements for 2018 and 2040: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. Jun 2019;20(6):769-780. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30163-9

Maps

  • Map 37.1: International Atomic Energy Agency. Directory of Radiotherapy Centres (DIRAC): Number of Radiotherapy Machines per Million People (2023). https://dirac.iaea.org/Query/Map2?mapId=0. Accessed August 23, 2024.

Figures

  • Figure 37.1: Joko-Fru WY, Griesel M, Mezger NCS, et al. Breast Cancer Diagnostics, Therapy, and Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Population-Based Registry Study. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. Dec 29 2021;20(13)doi:10.6004/jnccn.2021.7011
  • Figure 37.2: Meara JG, Leather AJ, Hagander L, et al. Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Lancet. Aug 8 2015;386(9993):569-624. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60160-x
  • Figure 37.3: Fundytus A, Sengar M, Lombe D, et al. Access to cancer medicines deemed essential by oncologists in 82 countries: an international, cross-sectional survey. Lancet Oncol. Oct 2021;22(10):1367-1377. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00463-0
Chapter 38

Pain Control

Text

  1. van den Beuken-van Everdingen MH, Hochstenbach LM, Joosten EA, Tjan-Heijnen VC, Janssen DJ. Update on Prevalence of Pain in Patients With Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage. Jun 2016;51(6):1070-1090.e9. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.12.340
  2. Evenepoel M, Haenen V, De Baerdemaecker T, et al. Pain Prevalence During Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage. Mar 2022;63(3):e317-e335. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.09.011
  3. Mercadante S. Cancer Pain Treatment Strategies in Patients with Cancer. Drugs. Sep 2022;82(13):1357-1366. doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01780-6
  4. Li Z, Aninditha T, Griene B, et al. Burden of cancer pain in developing countries: a narrative literature review. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2018;10:675-691. doi:10.2147/ceor.S181192
  5. Fleckner J, Pettus K, Vallath N, Pastrana T. Systematic Review on Barriers to Access Opioid Analgesics for Cancer Pain Management from the Health Worker Perspective. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. Dec 2023;37(4):324-335. doi:10.1080/15360288.2023.2257674
  6. MacRae MC, Fazal O, O'Donovan J. Community health workers in palliative care provision in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic scoping review of the literature. BMJ Glob Health. May 2020;5(5)doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002368
  7. Scholten W, Christensen AE, Olesen AE, Drewes AM. Analyzing and Benchmarking Global Consumption Statistics for Opioid Analgesics 2015: Inequality Continues to Increase. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. Mar 2020;34(1):1-12. doi:10.1080/15360288.2019.1686098

Figures

  • Figure 38.1: Knaul FM, Farmer PE, Krakauer EL, et al. Alleviating the access abyss in palliative care and pain relief-an imperative of universal health coverage: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet. Apr 7 2018;391(10128):1391-1454. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32513-8
  • Figure 38.2: Harding R, Hammerich A, Peeler A, et al. Palliative Care: How We Can Respond to 10 Years of Limited Progress? 2024.
  • Figure 38.3: Connor SR, Centeno C, Garralda E, Clelland D, Clark D. Estimating the Number of Patients Receiving Specialized Palliative Care Globally in 2017. J Pain Symptom Manage. Apr 2021;61(4):812-816. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.09.036
  • Figure 38.4: Harding R, Hammerich A, Peeler A, et al. Palliative Care: How We Can Respond to 10 Years of Limited Progress? 2024.
Chapter 39

Population-Based Cancer Registries

Maps

Figures

  • Figure 39.1: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5). https://ci5.iarc.fr/. Accessed August 29, 2024.
  • Figure 39.2: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer Surveillance Branch (CSU). https://www.iarc.who.int/branches-csu/. Accessed August 29, 2024.
Chapter 40

Research

  1. Figure 40.1: Dimensions, A Digital Science Solution. Total number of cancer publications by country. https://www.dimensions.ai/. Accessed July, 26 2024.
  2. Figure 40.2: African Organisation for Research and Training in Cancer. AORTIC. https://aortic-africa.org/. Accessed Novermber 7, 2024.
  3. Figure 40.2: African Research Group for Oncology. ARGO. https://www.argo-research.org/. Accessed November 7, 2024.
  4. Figure 40.2: National Cancer Grid (NCG). Collaboration for Cancer Care. https://www.ncgindia.org/. Accessed November 7, 2024.
  5. Figure 40.2: Research for Health in Conflict – Middle East and North Africa (R4HC-MENA). https://r4hc-mena.org/. Accessed November 7, 2024.
  6. Figure 40.3: Pramesh CS, Badwe RA, Bhoo-Pathy N, et al. Priorities for cancer research in low- and middle-income countries: a global perspective. Nature Medicine. 2022/04/01 2022;28(4):649-657.
Chapter 41

Economic Burden

Text

  1. Chen S, Cao Z, Prettner K, et al. Estimates and Projections of the Global Economic Cost of 29 Cancers in 204 Countries and Territories From 2020 to 2050. JAMA Oncol. Apr 1 2023;9(4):465-472. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.7826
  2. Islami F, Miller KD, Siegel RL, et al. National and State Estimates of Lost Earnings From Cancer Deaths in the United States. JAMA Oncol. Sep 1 2019;5(9):e191460. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1460

Maps

  • Map 41.1: Chen S, Cao Z, Prettner K, et al. Estimates and Projections of the Global Economic Cost of 29 Cancers in 204 Countries and Territories From 2020 to 2050. JAMA Oncol. Apr 1 2023;9(4):465-472. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.7826
  • Map 42.2: Islami F, Miller KD, Siegel RL, et al. National and State Estimates of Lost Earnings From Cancer Deaths in the United States. JAMA Oncol. Sep 1 2019;5(9):e191460. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1460
Chapter 42

Building Synergies

Maps

  • Map 42.1: Data provided by NCI authors
  • Map 42.2: Data provided by Yannick Romero at Union for International Cancer Control

Figures

  • Figure 42.1: Figure provided by NCI authors
  • Figure 42.2: Data provided by Yannick Romero at Union for International Cancer Control
Chapter 43

Uniting Organizations

Text

  1. Union for International Cancer Control. World Cancer Day 2024 Equity Report. https://www.uicc.org/resources/world-cancer-day-2024-equity-report. Accessed August 26, 2024.

Figures

Chapter 44

Global Relay For Life

Chapter 45

Policies and Legislation

Figures

Chapter 46

Universal Health Care

Text

  1. Union for International Cancer Control. Universal Health Coverage (UHC). https://www.uicc.org/what-we-do/thematic-areas/universal-health-coverage-uhc. Accessed August 26, 2024.
  2. Zhao J, Mao Z, Fedewa SA, et al. The Affordable Care Act and access to care across the cancer control continuum: A review at 10 years. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2020;70
  3. World Health Organization. Preparing for the UN High-Level Meeting 2023 and Achieving Health for All. https://www.who.int/activities/preparing-for-the-un-high-level-meeting-2023-and-achieving-health-for-all. Accessed August 26, 2024.
  4. World Health Organization. WHO report on cancer: setting priorities, investing wisely and providing care for all. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240001299. Accessed August 26, 2024.

Maps

Figures

  • Figure 46.1: World Health Organization. WHO global survey on the inclusion of cancer care in health-benefit packages, 2020–2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240088504. Accessed August 24, 2024.
  • Figure 46.2: Maláková K, Cabasag CJ, Bardot A, et al. Cancer survival in Thailand from 1997 to 2012: Assessing the impact of universal health coverage. J Cancer Policy. Dec 2022;34:100353. doi:10.1016/j.jcpo.2022.100353
Chapter 47

Health System Resilience

Text

  1. Steinberg J, Hughes S, Hui H, et al. Risk of COVID-19 death for people with a pre-existing cancer diagnosis prior to COVID-19-vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cancer. 2024/04/15 2024;154(8):1394-1412. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.34798
  2. Shah R, Hanna NM, Loo CE, David M, Mafra A, Fink H, McFerran E, Garcia M, Ghodssighassemabadi R, Acharya S, Niyibaga J, Langselius O, Frick C, Lasebikan N, Vignat J, Steinberg J, Hughes S, Kircher CE, Goldie CL, Egger S, Sullivan R, Ginsburg O, Bray F, Caruana M, Hui H, Ilbawi AM, Canfell K, Soerjomataram I. The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on delays and disruptions in cancer care services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nat Cancer. 2025 Jan;6(1):194-204. doi: 10.1038/s43018-024-00880-4. Epub 2025 Jan 2. PMID: 39747650.
  3. Steinberg J, Hughes S, Hui H, et al. Risk of COVID-19 death for people with a pre-existing cancer diagnosis prior to COVID-19-vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Cancer. 2024/04/15 2024;154(8):1394-1412. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.34798

Figures

  • Figure 47.1: American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2021. https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancer-facts-figures-2021.html. Accessed October 22, 2024.
  • Figure 47.2: Shah R, Hanna NM, Loo CE, David M, Mafra A, Fink H, McFerran E, Garcia M, Ghodssighassemabadi R, Acharya S, Niyibaga J, Langselius O, Frick C, Lasebikan N, Vignat J, Steinberg J, Hughes S, Kircher CE, Goldie CL, Egger S, Sullivan R, Ginsburg O, Bray F, Caruana M, Hui H, Ilbawi AM, Canfell K, Soerjomataram I. The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on delays and disruptions in cancer care services: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nat Cancer. 2025 Jan;6(1):194-204. doi: 10.1038/s43018-024-00880-4. Epub 2025 Jan 2. PMID: 39747650.
  • Figure 47.3: Kutluk T, Şahin B, Kirazlı M, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Cancer Cases Among Syrian Refugees From Southern Turkey. JAMA Network Open. 2023;6(5):e2312903-e2312903. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.12903
  • Figure 47.3: Allemani C, Matsuda T, Di Carlo V, et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet. Mar 17 2018;391(10125):1023-1075. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33326-3
  • Figure 47.3: Bray F, Ervik M (2023). SURVCAN-3 online tool: International Cancer Survival Benchmarking. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.fr/survival/survcan. Accessed October 22, 2024
  • Figure 47.3: Ssenyonga N, Stiller C, Nakata K, et al. Worldwide trends in population-based survival for children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia, by subtype, during 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual data from 258 cancer registries in 61 countries. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2022;6(6):409-431. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00095-5
  • Figure 47.4: Ghebreyesus TA, Mired D, Sullivan R, et al. A manifesto on improving cancer care in conflict-impacted populations. The Lancet. 2024;404(10451):427. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01023-7
  • Figure 47.5: OECD Health Policy Studies. Ready for the Next Crisis? Investing in Health System Resilience. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/ready-for-the-next-crisis-investing-in-health-system-resilience_1e53cf80-en.html. Accessed October 22, 2024.