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The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in countries based on national levels of educational attainment, life expectancy, and income. Map 20.1 displays the four tiers of HDI for the year of 2021. By examining cancer through the lens of human development, we can assess1

Highly effective prophylactic vaccines are available for two of the most important cancer-causing infections, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) (see Infection). In 2022, there were an estimated 254 million people globally with chronic HBV infection; HBV infection causes nearly one million deaths annually, mostly from cirrhosis and1

Southern, Eastern, and Southeast Asia are some of the most densely populated regions globally, with over 4.3 billion people (55% of the world population). The region contributes 49% of all new cancer cases (9.2 million) and 53% of cancer deaths (5.1 million) worldwide each year. China and India combined account1

Modifiable risk factors cause a large proportion of cancer cases and deaths. A recent study shows that an estimated 40% of all cancer cases and 44% of cancer deaths in the United States are attributable to a combination of modifiable risk factors, including tobacco use, excess body fatness, and alcohol1

Global collaborative partnerships accelerate efforts to bridge the research gap, particularly in the areas of prevention and implementation and knowledge translation, to improve cancer outcomes worldwide. Countries and world regions need cancer research tailored to their unique disease burden and knowledge gaps to improve population health. Knowledge created in cancer1

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with an estimated 1.9 million new cases and 900,000 deaths. Incidence rates range from <5 per 100,000 in Cape Verde, Sierra Leone, and India to >45 per 100,000 in Denmark and Norway (Map 16.1) and are strongly correlated with1

Excess body fatness – overweight and obesity – has been linked to at least 13 types of cancer. Overall, approximately 4.5% of all cancer deaths globally are attributable to excess body fatness, varying from <1% in low-income countries to 7-8% in some high-income countries. The proportion of deaths linked to1

For every 10 premature deaths (ages 30-69 years) from noncommunicable disease today, four are due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and three are due to cancer. As countries undergo societal and economic transition, these two diseases become the leading causes of death in every country (Map 12.1); in most countries, cancer1

Each country has opportunities to prevent and control cancer through resource-stratified evidence-based interventions across the entire cancer care continuum, from risk factor prevention, early detection and timely diagnosis, to quality treatment, survivorship, palliative care, and end-of-life care (Figure 32.1).