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Highly effective prophylactic vaccines are available for two of the most important cancer-causing infections, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) (see Infection). In 2022, there were an estimated 254 million people globally with chronic HBV infection; HBV infection causes nearly one million deaths annually, mostly from cirrhosis and1

Modifiable risk factors cause a large proportion of cancer cases and deaths. A recent study shows that an estimated 40% of all cancer cases and 44% of cancer deaths in the United States are attributable to a combination of modifiable risk factors, including tobacco use, excess body fatness, and alcohol1

Excess body fatness – overweight and obesity – has been linked to at least 13 types of cancer. Overall, approximately 4.5% of all cancer deaths globally are attributable to excess body fatness, varying from <1% in low-income countries to 7-8% in some high-income countries. The proportion of deaths linked to1

Each country has opportunities to prevent and control cancer through resource-stratified evidence-based interventions across the entire cancer care continuum, from risk factor prevention, early detection and timely diagnosis, to quality treatment, survivorship, palliative care, and end-of-life care (Figure 32.1).

Southern, Eastern, and Southeast Asia are some of the most densely populated regions globally, with over 4.3 billion people (55% of the world population). The region contributes 49% of all new cancer cases (9.2 million) and 53% of cancer deaths (5.1 million) worldwide each year. China and India combined account1

Cancers occurring in childhood and adolescence differ markedly from adult cancers in terms of the magnitude of the burden and biologic characteristics. Worldwide, the average annual incidence among children aged less than 15 years is 150 cases per million people and among adolescents aged 15-19 years the average annual incidence1

In Europe, there are an estimated 4.1 million new cancer cases and almost 2 million cancer deaths each year. Cancers of the female breast, colorectum, lung, and prostate are the most common cancers, representing half of the overall cancer burden in the continent (Figure 27.1).

The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region has doubled in population size over the last half-century to 665 million inhabitants today. About 1.5 million new cancer cases and 741,000 cancer deaths, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers, are estimated to occur in the LAC region in 2022. The five most common1

Cancer is now a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, with the disease among the three leading causes of premature death (ages 30-69) in almost all countries in the region. About 820,000 new cancer cases and 550,000 deaths were estimated to have occurred in 2022 in sub-Saharan Africa. For1