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Highly effective prophylactic vaccines are available for two of the most important cancer-causing infections, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) (see Infection). In 2022, there were an estimated 254 million people globally with chronic HBV infection; HBV infection causes nearly one million deaths annually, mostly from cirrhosis and1

Nearly 7 million lives were lost due to COVID-19 during the 2020-2023 pandemic. Patients with cancer were affected both directly and indirectly by the disease (Figure 47.1).

Cancer remains a stark example of the deep inequities in health care faced by Indigenous communities. The United Nations reports that over 476 million Indigenous people reside in over 90 countries across the globe, representing 6.2% of the world’s total population. Despite being a numerical minority worldwide, Indigenous people contribute1

Cancer survival statistics highlight the degree of health care equity, reflecting the effectiveness of health systems in detecting, diagnosing, and treating cancers. Despite advancements in diagnostics and treatment, substantial disparities persist in international cancer survival both between and within countries due to inequality in the dissemination of advancements in diagnostic1

Modifiable risk factors cause a large proportion of cancer cases and deaths. A recent study shows that an estimated 40% of all cancer cases and 44% of cancer deaths in the United States are attributable to a combination of modifiable risk factors, including tobacco use, excess body fatness, and alcohol1

There are two approaches to early detection – screening and early diagnosis. Screening aims to detect cancers or pre-cancerous lesions in otherwise healthy and asymptomatic individuals, whereas early diagnosis identifies symptomatic cancers at the earliest possible stage (Figure 36.1).

Universal health coverage (UHC) ensures all individuals have access to the high-quality health services they need without experiencing financial hardship. However, UHC access remains unequal worldwide, and in 2021, about 4.5 billion people lacked full coverage for essential health services (Map 46.1).

Tobacco products cause at least 17 forms of cancer, and are collectively responsible for over 2 million cancer deaths per year (Figure 4.1).