Sources and Methods

Section Divider:
Simms KT, Steinberg J, Caruana M, et al. Impact of scaled up human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical screening and the potential for global elimination of cervical cancer in 181 countries, 2020–99: a modelling study. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20:394–407.

The Cancer Continuum

The number of annual worldwide deaths the HPV vaccination can prevent:
Van Kriekinge G, Castellsague X, Cibula D, Demarteau N. Estimation of the potential overall impact of human papillomavirus vaccination on cervical cancer cases and deaths. Vaccine. 2014;32(6):733–739.

Text:
Bleich SN. A road map for sustaining healthy eating behavior. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(6):507–509.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs—2014. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Strategies to prevent obesity and other chronic diseases: The CDC guide to strategies to increase physical activity in the community. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2011.

Gelband H, Sankaranarayanan R, Gauvreau CL, et al. Costs, affordability, and feasibility of an essential package of cancer control interventions in low-income and middle-income countries: Key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition. Lancet. 2016;387(10033):2133–2144.

Plummer M, de Martel C, Vignat J, Ferlay J, Bray F, Franceschi S. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2012: a synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4(9):e609-616.

World Health Organization. Reducing Global Health Risks Through Mitigation of Short-Lived Climate Pollutants: Scoping Report For Policy-makers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.

Wu YP, Aspinwall LG, Conn BM, Stump T, Grahmann B, Leachman SA. A systematic review of interventions to improve adherence to melanoma preventive behaviors for individuals at elevated risk. Prev Med. 2016;88:153–167.

Figure 1:
Romero Y, Trapani D, Johnson S, et al. National cancer control plans: a global analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(10):e546-e555.

Figure 2:
Thun MJ, Carter BD, Feskanich D, et al. 50-year trends in smoking-related mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(4):351–64. Unpublished additional analyses.

Map 1:
Cervical Cancer Action, http://www.cervicalcanceraction.org/comments/maps.php

Figure 3:
WHO IARC Cancer Mortality Database, http://www-dep.iarc.fr/WHOdb/WHOdb.htm

Figure 4:
Adapted from Breast Health Global Initiative. Survivorship care after curative treatment for breast cancer. Available at https://www.fredhutch.org/en/labs/phs/projects/breast-cancer-initiative_2-5/knowledge-summaries/survivorship-care-survivorship-care-after-curative-treatment-for.html

Figure 5:
Global Atlas of Palliative Care at the End of Life. Available from: http://www.who.int/cancer/publications/palliative-care-atlas/en/

Health Promotion

Access creates progress:
Fishman E, Schepers P, Kamphuis CBM. Dutch Cycling: Quantifying the Health and Related Economic Benefits. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(8):e13-e15.

Text and Figure 1:
World Cancer Research Fund/ American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018. Recommendations and public health and policy implications. Available at dietandcancerreport.org.

Figure 2:
Briggs ADM, Mytton OT, Kehlbacher A, et al. Health impact assessment of the UK soft drinks industry levy: a comparative risk assessment modelling study. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2:e15-22.

Colchero MA, Popkin BM, Rivera JA, Ng SW. Beverage purchases from stores in Mexico under the excise tax on sugar sweetened beverages: observational study. BMJ. 2016;352:h6704.

Zhong Y, Auchincloss AH, Lee BK, Kanter GP. The Short-Term Impacts of the Philadelphia Beverage Tax on Beverage Consumption. Am J Prev Med. 2018;55(1):26–34.

Figure 3:
Used with permission from Healthy Caribbean Coalition. Campaign materials. Available from: https://www.toomuchjunk.org/campaign-materials.html

Figure 4:
Hamlin MJ, Yule E, Elliot CA, Stoner L, Kathiravel Y. Long-term effectiveness of the New Zealand Green Prescription primary health care exercise initiative. Public Health. 2016;140:102–108.

Tobacco Control

Image:
Cigarette pack photo courtesy of Robert Eckford, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids.

Text:
Drope J, Schluger N, Cahn Z, et al. The Tobacco Atlas, 6th Edition. Atlanta: American Cancer Society and Vital Strategies, 2018.

Map 1:
Framework Convention Alliance. Parties to the WHO FCTC (ratifications and accessions). https://www.fctc.org/parties-ratifications-and-accessions-latest/

Map 2:
World Health Organization. 2018. Global Tobacco Control Report. Geneva: World Health Organization. Canadian Cancer Society. 2018.

Cigarette package Health Warnings: International Status Report. Toronto: Canadian Cancer Society.

Figure 1:
Van Walbeek CP. The Economics of Tobacco Control in South Africa. School of Economics, University of Cape Town; 2005.

Figure 2
Kaiser K, Bredenkamp C, Iglesias RM. 2016. Sin tax reform in the Philippines : transforming public finance, health, and governance for more inclusive development (English). Directions in development. Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group. Available from: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/638391468480878595/Sin-tax-reform-in-the-Philippines-transforming-public-finance-health-andgovernance-for-more-inclusive-development

Vaccines

Liver cancer rates in Taiwan and China:
Chiang CJ, Yang YW, You SL, Lai MS, Chen CJ. Thirty-year outcomes of the national hepatitis B immunization program in Taiwan. JAMA. 2013;310(9):974–976.

Access creates progress:
Black E, Richmond R. Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Advantages and Challenges of HPV Vaccination. Vaccines. 2018;6(3):61.

Text:
de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer. 2017;141:664–670.

Gallagher KE, LaMontagne DS, Watson-Jones D. Status of HPV vaccine introduction and barriers to country uptake. Vaccine. 2018;36:4761–4767.

Li X, Dumolard L, Patel M, et al. Implementation of hepatitis B birth dose vaccination- worldwide, 2016. Weekly Epidemiologic Record. 2018;93:61–72.

World Health Organization. Global and Regional Immunization Profile: Data as of 21 September 2018. Accessed at: http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/gs_gloprofile.pdf?ua=1

World Health Organization. Global hepatitis report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255016. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO

World Health Organization. Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper- July 2017. Weekly Epidemiologic Record: 2017;27:369–392

Map 1:
World Health Organization Global Health Observatory Data, https://www.who.int/gho/en/

Map 2:
World Health Organization Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals Database, https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/en/

Figure 1:
de Martel C., Plummer M, Vignat J, et al. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. International Journal of Cancer. 2017;141(4):664–670.

Figure 2:
Simms KT, Steinberg J, Caruana M, Franceschi S. Impact of scaled up human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical screening and the potential for global elimination of cervical cancer in 181 countries, 2020–99: a modelling study. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(3):394–407.

Early Detection

Cervical cancer death rates in high income countries:
International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention volume 10: Cervix Cancer Screening. Lyon: IARC, 2005.

Access creates progress:
Denny L, de Sanjose S, Mutebi M, et al. Interventions to close the divide for women with breast and cervical cancer between low-income and middle-income countries and high-income countries. Lancet. 2017;389:861–870.

Text:
Arbyn M, Anttila A, Jordan J, Ronco G, Schenck U, Segnan N, Wiener HG, Herbert A, Daniel J, von Karsa L. European guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening. Second edition. Luxembourg: European Union, 2008.

Dobrow MJ, Hagens V, Chafe R, Sullivan T, Rabeneck L. Consolidated principles for screening based on a systematic review and consensus process. CMAJ. 2018;190(14):E422-E429.

Ferlay J, Colombet M and Bray F. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, CI5plus: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2018. Available from: http://ci5.iarc.fr.

IARC. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention Volume 15. Breast Cancer Screening. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2016.

Marmot MG, Altman DG, Cameron DA, Dewar JA, Thompson SG, Wilcox M. The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review. Br J Cancer. 2013;108(11):2205–40.

Moyer VA; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for lung cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(5):330–8.

Park S, Oh CM, Cho H, Lee JY, Jung KW, Jun JK, Won YJ, Kong HJ, Choi KS, Lee YJ, Lee JS. Association between screening and the thyroid cancer “epidemic” in South Korea: evidence from a nationwide study. BMJ. 2016;355:i5745.

Segnan N, Patnick J, von Karsa L. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Luxembourg: European Union, 2010.

WHO. Guide to cancer early diagnosis. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017.

Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and practice of screening for disease. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1968.

World Health Organization. Department of Information. Evidence and Research. Mortality database. Available from: http://www-dep.iarc.fr/WHOdb/WHOdb.htm

Maps 1 and 2:
Used with permission under copyright from John Wiley and Sons: Basu P, Ponti A, Anttila A, et al. Status of implementation and organization of cancer screening in The European Union Member States-Summary results from the second European screening report. Int J Cancer. 2018;142:44–56.

Map 3:
Cervical Cancer Action. Global progress in cervical cancer prevention. http://www.cervicalcanceraction.org/comments/maps.php

Figure 1:
Cancer Control Knowledge into Action: WHO Guide for Effective Programs. Early Detection. 2007. https://www.who.int/cancer/modules/Early%20Detection%20Module%203.pdf

Figure 2:
Danckert B, Ferlay J, Engholm G , et al. NORDCAN: Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Prevalence and Survival in the Nordic Countries, Version 8.2 (26.03.2019).

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program (www.seer.cancer.gov) SEER*Stat Database: Incidence – SEER 9 Regs Research Data, Nov 2018 Sub (1975–2016) <Katrina/Rita Population Adjustment> – Linked To County Attributes – Total U.S., 1969–2017 Counties, National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, released April 2019, based on the November 2018 submission.

Management and Treatment

Quote:
Knaul FM, Gralow JR, Atun R, Bhadelia A (Eds.) for the Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control in Developing Countries. Closing the Cancer Divide: An Equity Imperative. Boston, MA: Harvard Global Equity Initiative, 2012.

Text:
Abdel-Wahab M, Fidarova E, Polo A. Global Access to Radiotherapy in Low- and Middle-income Countries. Clinical Oncology. 2017;29(2):99–104.

Adesina A, Chumba D, Nelson AM, Orem J, Roberts DJ, Wabinga H, et al. Improvement of pathology in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(4):e152-7.

African Strategies for Advancing Pathology: ASAP. Available from: URL: https://www.pathologyinafrica.org/.

Davies C, Godwin J, Gray R, et al. Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):771–84.

Haider A, Scott JW, Gause CD, et al. Development of a Unifying Target and Consensus Indicators for Global Surgical Systems Strengthening: Proposed by the Global Alliance for Surgery, Obstetric, Trauma, and Anaesthesia Care (The G4 Alliance). World J Surgery. 2017;41(10):2426–34.

Hanna TP, Shafiq J, Delaney GP, Barton MB. The population benefit of radiotherapy for cervical cancer: local control and survival estimates for optimally utilized radiotherapy and chemoradiation. Radiother Oncol. 2015;114:389e394.

Horton S, Sullivan R, Flanigan J, et al. Delivering modern, high-quality, affordable pathology and laboratory medicine to low-income and middle-income countries: a call to action. Lancet. 2018;391(10133):1953–64.

International Atomic Energy Agency. Directory of Radiotherapy Centres Countries report. 2019. Available from: https://dirac.iaea.org/Query/Countries.

Jaffray DA, Knaul FM, Atun R, et al. Global Task Force on Radiotherapy for Cancer Control. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(10):1144–6.

Knaul FM, Gralow JR, Atun R, Bhadelia A (Eds.) for the Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control in Developing Countries. Closing the Cancer Divide: An Equity Imperative. Boston, MA: Harvard Global Equity Initiative, 2012.

Kruk ME, Gage AD, Arsenault C, et al. High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: time for a revolution. Lancet Global Health. 2018;6(11):e1196-e1252.

Meara JG, Leather, Andrew JM, et al. Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Int J Obstet Anesthesia. 2016;25:75–8.

Nelson AM, Milner DA, Rebbeck TR, Iliyasu Y. Oncologic Care and Pathology Resources in Africa: Survey and Recommendations. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(1):20–6.

Robertson J, Barr R, Shulman LN, Forte GB, Magrini N. Essential medicines for cancer: WHO recommendations and national priorities. Bull World Health Org. 2016;94(10):735–42.

Shulman LN, Wagner CM, Barr R, et al. Proposing Essential Medicines to Treat Cancer: Methodologies, Processes, and Outcomes. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(1):69–75.

Sullivan R, Alatise OI, Anderson BO, et al. Global cancer surgery: delivering safe, affordable, and timely cancer surgery. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(11):1193–224.

Wilson ML, Atun R, DeStigter K, et al. The Lancet Commission on diagnostics: advancing equitable access to diagnostics. Lancet. 2019;393(10185):2018–20.

Zubizarreta E, van Dyk J, Lievens Y. Analysis of Global Radiotherapy Needs and Costs by Geographic Region and Income Level. Clinical Oncology. 2017;29(2):84–92.

Map:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, et al. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: IARC. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today.

International Atomic Energy Agency Directory of Radiotherapy Centres, https://dirac.iaea.org/.

Figure 1:
African Strategies for Advancing Pathology: ASAP [cited 2019 Apr 11]. Available from: URL: https://www.pathologyinafrica.org/.

Figure 2:
Davies C, Godwin J, Gray R, et al. Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2011; 378(9793):771–84.

Figure 3:
Robertson J, Barr R, Shulman LN, Forte GB, Magrini N. Essential medicines for cancer: WHO recommendations and national priorities. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2016;94:735–742.

Pain Control

Deaths in pain:
World Health Organization (12 Sept 2018) http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer

Access creates progress:
O’Brien M, Schwartz A, Plattner L. Treat the Pain Program. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018;55(2):S135-S139.

Text:
United Nations International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2018 – Statistics for 2016. 2017. Report No.: E/INCB/2017/2. Available from: https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2017/Narcotic_drugs_technical_publication_2017.pdf

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, custom data acquired via website. 2017. Available from: https://population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/

World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. 2018. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/athena/data

World Bank. World Bank country and lending groups. 2018. Available from: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-worldbank-country-and-lending-groups

International Agency for Research on Cancer. GLOBOCAN 2018: Estimated Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2018 [Internet]. [cited 2018 Oct 25]. Available from: http://gco.iarc.fr/today/home

Map and all figures:
Population: World Health Organization, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/

World Bank regions and income levels: World Bank, https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups

Deaths from HIV: UNAIDS, http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/

Deaths from cancer: World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer GLOBOCAN 2018, http://gco.iarc.fr/today/home

Consumption of narcotics: International Narcotics Control Board, unpublished data

Cancer Surveillance

Changes in number of high-quality population-based cancer registries:
Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. http://ci5.iarc.fr.

Text:
Bray F, Znaor A, Cueva P, et al. Planning and developing population-based cancer registration in low- and middle-income settings: IARC Technical Publication No. 43. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2015. Available at: https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Technical-Publications/Planning-And-Developing-Population-Based-Cancer-Registration-In-Low–And-Middle-Income-Settings-2014.2.

World Health Organization. World health statistics 2018: Monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: WHO, 2018.

Sankaranarayanan R, Swaminathan R, Lucas E, eds. Cancer survival in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Central America. IARC Scientific Publication No. 162. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2011. Available at: https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Scientific-Publications/Cancer-Survival-In-Africa-Asia-The-Caribbean-And-Central-America-2011.

Map 1:
Data provided by the Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development.

Map 2:
World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

Figure 1:
Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. http://ci5.iarc.fr.

Research

Quote:
Dye C, Boerma T, Evans D, et al. The World Health Report 2013: Research for universal health coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013.

Access creates progress:
Fischer SE, Alatise OI, Komolafe AO, et al. Establishing a Cancer Research Consortium in Lowand Middle-Income Countries: Challenges Faced and Lessons Learned. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2017;24: 627–631.

Anderson BO. Cancer Research in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Consortiums, Implementation Science and Healthcare Delivery. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 2017;24: 624–626.

Text:
Begum M, Lewison G, Lawler M, Sullivan R. Mapping the European cancer research landscape: An evidence base for national and Pan-European research and funding. Eur J Cancer. 2018 Sep;100:75–84. Licence CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Beran D, Byass P, Gbakima A, et al. Research capacity building-obligations for global health partners. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Jun;5(6):e567-e568.

Buxton M, Hanney S, Jones T. Estimating the economic value to societies of the impact of health research: a critical review. Bull World Health Organ. 2004 Oct;82(10):733–9.

Carter AJ, Nguyen CN. A comparison of cancer burden and research spending reveals discrepancies in the distribution of research funding. BMC Public Health. 2012 Jul 17;12:526.

Digital Science. (2018-) Dimensions [Software] available from https://app.dimensions.ai. Accessed on 10/25/2018, under licence agreement. For more information see www.dimensions.ai or Hook et al. 2018 – “Dimensions: Building Context for Search and Evaluation”, https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2018.00023.

Eckhouse S, Lewison G, Sullivan R. Trends in the global funding and activity of cancer research. Mol Oncol. 2008;2(1):20–32.

Franzen SRP, Chandler C, Siribaddana S, Atashili J, Angus B, Lang T. Strategies for developing sustainable health research capacity in low and middle-income countries: a prospective, qualitative study investigating the barriers and enablers to locally led clinical trial conduct in Ethiopia, Cameroon and Sri Lanka. BMJ Open. 2017 Oct 13;7(10):e017246.

Frech S, Muha CA, Stevens LM, et al. Perspectives on strengthening cancer research and control in Latin America through partnerships and diplomacy: Experience of the National Cancer Institute’s Center for Global Health. J Glob Oncol. 2018 Sep;(4):1–11.

Lakdawalla DN, Sun EC, Jena AB, Reyes CM, Goldman DP, Philipson TJ. An economic evaluation of the war on cancer. J Health Econ. 2010 May;29(3):333–46.

Peipert JF. The economic value of medical research: is it worth the investment? Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;99(5 Pt 1):835–40.

Phipps W, Kansiime R, Stevenson P, Orem J, Casper C, Morrow RA. Peer mentoring at the Uganda Cancer Institute: A novel model for career development of clinician-scientists in resource-limited settings. J Glob Oncol. 2018 Sep;(4):1–11.

Rosenberg LE. Exceptional economic returns on investments in medical research. Med J Aust. 2002 Oct 7;177(7):368–71.

Seruga B, Sadikov A, Cazap EL, et al. Barriers and challenges to global clinical cancer research. Oncologist. 2014 Jan;19(1):61–7.

Unesco Institute for Statistics. Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&lang=en. Accessed April 1, 2019.

Figure 1:
Digital Science. (2018-) Dimensions [Software] available from https://app.dimensions.ai. Accessed on 10/25/2018, under licence agreement. For more information see www.dimensions.ai or Hook et al. 2018 – “Dimensions: Building Context for Search and Evaluation”, https://doi.org/10.3389/ frma.2018.00023. Accessed October 21, 2018.

Figure 2:
Begum M, Lewison G, Lawler M, et al. Mapping the European cancer research landscape: An evidence base for national and Pan-European research and funding. Eur J Cancer. 2018;100:75–84.

Figure 3:
Unesco Institute for Statistics. Available at: http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SCN_DS&lang=en. Accessed April 1, 2019.

Figure 4:
Lortet-Tieulent J, Soerjomataram I, Lin CC, et al. US Burden of Cancer by Race and Ethnicity According to Disability-Adjusted Life Years. Am J Prev Med. 2016; 51(5):673–681.

Digital Science. (2018-) Dimensions [Software] available from https://app.dimensions.ai. Accessed on 10/25/2018, under licence agreement. For more information see www.dimensions.ai or Hook et al. 2018 – “Dimensions: Building Context for Search and Evaluation”, https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2018.00023. Accessed October 21, 2018.

[United States] National Cancer Institute. Funding for Research Area. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/budget/fact-book/data/research-funding. Accessed June 28, 2019.

The Economic Burden of Cancer

Text:
Estimates for the US are in 2017 US Dollars.

Estimates for the EU are for 27 countries in 2009 adjust to 2017 Euros.

Estimates for HPV vaccination savings from treatment costs and productivity losses are in 2017 US Dollars.

Estimates for the cost of smoking globally are in 2017 US Dollars.

Bradley CJ, Yabroff KR, Dahman B, Feuer EJ, Mariotto A, Brown ML. Productivity costs of cancer mortality in the United States: 2000–2020. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(24):1763–1770.

CPI inflation calculator. https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm Accessed Oct 11, 2018.

Guy GP, Jr., Ekwueme DU, Yabroff KR, et al. Economic burden of cancer survivorship among adults in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(30):3749–3757.

HICP Index. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/hicp/methodology/reference-year-2015 Accessed Oct 11, 2018.

Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, van Ballegooijen M, Zauber AG, Habbema JD, Kuipers EJ. Effect of rising chemotherapy costs on the cost savings of colorectal cancer screening. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(20):1412–1422.

Luengo-Fernandez R, Leal J, Gray A, Sullivan R. Economic burden of cancer across the European Union: a population-based cost analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(12):1165–1174.

Mariotto AB, Yabroff KR, Shao Y, Feuer EJ, Brown ML. Projections of the cost of cancer care in the United States: 2010–2020. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(2):117–128.

Pearce A, Sharp L, Hanly P, et al. Productivity losses due to premature mortality from cancer in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS): A population-based comparison. Cancer Epidemiol. 2018;53:27–34.

The Tobacco Atlas, 6th Edition. https://tobaccoatlasorg/topic/societal-harms/. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2018.

Figure 1:
Estimates in 2009 prices with adjustments based on purchasing power parity exchange rates and inflated to 2017 Euros.

Luengo-Fernandez R, Leal J, Gray A, Sullivan R. Economic burden of cancer across the European Union: a population-based cost analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(12):1165–1174.

Figure 2:
Estimates are in 2012 US Dollars with adjustments based on purchasing power parity exchange rates and inflated to 2017 US Dollars.

Pearce A, Sharp L, Hanly P, et al. Productivity losses due to premature mortality from cancer in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS): A population-based comparison. Cancer Epidemiol. 2018;53:27–34.

Figure 3:
Estimates are in 2016 US Dollars based on PPP exchange rates and inflated to 2017 US Dollars.

The Tobacco Atlas, 6th Edition. https://tobaccoatlasorg/topic/societal-harms/. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2018.

Building Synergies

Quote:
El-Sadr WM, Goosby E. Building on the HIV platform: tackling the challenge of noncommunicable diseases among persons living with HIV. AIDS. 2018;32 Suppl 1:S1-S3.

Cervical cancer in women with HIV:
Patel P, Rose CE, Collins PY, et al. Noncommunicable diseases among HIV-infected persons in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2018;32 Suppl 1:S5-S20.

Text:
Tangcharoensathien V, Chandrasiri O, Waleewonga O, Rajatanavin N. Overcoming internal challenges and external threats to noncommunicable disease control. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97:74–74A. Available at: https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/97/2/18–228809.pdf.

Binagwaho A, Ngabo F, Wagner CM, et al.. Integration of comprehensive women’s health programmes into health systems: cervical cancer prevention, care and control in Rwanda. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91:697–703. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3790215/pdf/BLT.12.116087.pdf.

Menon S, Rossi R, Harmon SG, Mabey H, Callens S. Public health approach to prevent cervical cancer in HIV-infected women in Kenya: Issues to consider in the design of prevention programs. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2017;22:82–88. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5678735/.

Map:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, et al. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: IARC. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today.

World Health Organization Global Health Observatory Data Repository, https://www.who.int/gho/en/.

Figure 1:
Saving lives, spending less: a strategic response to noncommunicable diseases. Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/NMH/NVI/18.8). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

World Health Organization and World Economic Forum. From Burden to “Best Buys”: Reducing the Economic Impact of Non-Communicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/best_buys_summary.pdf

Figure 2:
Romero Y, Trapani D, Johnson S, et al. Global Analysis of National Cancer Control Plans. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(10):e546-e555.

Uniting Organizations

Text:
Union for International Cancer Control. Advocacy. Available from https://www.uicc.org/what-we-do/advocacy, accessed September 7, 2018.

Map:
Data provided by the Union for International Cancer Control, 2018

Figure 1:
Union for International Cancer Control. Treatment for All. Available from https://www.uicc.org/what-we-do/advocacy/treatment-all, accessed September 7, 2018.

Figure 3:
Union for International Cancer Control. Convening. Available from: https://www.uicc.org/what-we-do/convening, accessed September 7, 2018.

Global Relay For Life

Unpublished data from the Relay For Life program

Policies and Legislation

Text:
Australia – Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging, WT/DS435/R, WT/DS441/R, WT/DS458/R, WT/DS467/R (28 June 2018).

Philip Morris Asia Ltd v. Australia (Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility), PCA Case No. 2012–12, 17 December 2015.

Philip Morris Brands Sàrl (Switzerland), Philip Morris Products S.A. (Switzerland) and Abal Hermanos S.A. (Uruguay) v Oriental Republic of Uruguay (Award) (ICSID Arbitral Tribunal, Case No. ARB 10/7, 8 July 2016).

Liberman, J. Building a law and NCDs workforce: a necessity for global cancer and NCD prevention and control. J Cancer Policy. 2017;12, 72–74.

World Health Organization. Updated Appendix 3 of the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013–2020. Geneva: WHO, 2017.

Image:
Cigarette pack photo used with license under copyright from the Commonwealth of Australia.

Figure 1:
World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases and mental health: about 9 voluntary targets. https://www.who.int/nmh/ncd-tools/definition-targets/en/

Figure 2:
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs

Figure 3:
Australia – Certain Measures Concerning Trademarks, Geographical Indications and Other Plain Packaging Requirements Applicable to Tobacco Products and Packaging, WT/DS435/R, WT/DS441/R, WT/DS458/R, WT/DS467/R (28 June 2018).

Liberman, J. Building a law and NCDs workforce: a necessity for global cancer and NCD prevention and control. J Cancer Policy. 2017;12, 72–74.

Philip Morris Asia Ltd v. Australia (Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility), PCA Case No. 2012–12, 17 December 2015.

Philip Morris Brands Sàrl (Switzerland), Philip Morris Products S.A. (Switzerland) and Abal Hermanos S.A. (Uruguay) v Oriental Republic of Uruguay (Award) (ICSID Arbitral Tribunal, Case No. ARB 10/7, 8 July 2016).

Universal Health Coverage

Quote:
Ghebreyesus TA. Achieving universal health coverage: from the past to the future. Prince Mahidol Award Conference, Bangkok, Thailand. 2 Feb 2018. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/achieving-universal-health-coverage-from-the-past-to-the-future-prince-mahidol-award-conference-bangkok-thailand

Text:
Jan S, Laba TL, Essue BM, et al. Action to address the household economic burden of non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2018 May 19;391(10134):2047–2058.

Meheus F, Atun R, Ilbawi A. The Role of Health Systems in Addressing Inequalities in Access to Cancer Control. In: IARC Social inequalities and cancer. 2019.

Watkins D, Jamison D, Mills A, Atun R, Danforth K. Universal health coverage and essential packages of care. In: Jamison D, Gelband H, Horton S, Jha P, Laxminarayan R. (eds.), Disease Control Priorities (third edition): Volume 9, Disease Control Priorities. Washington, DC: World Bank. 2017.

World Health Organization. Assessing national capacity for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: global survey. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276609/9789241514781-eng.pdf.

Figure 1:
World Health Organization. Making fair choices on the path to universal health coverage. Final report of the WHO Consultative Group on Equity and Universal Health Coverage. 2014. https://www.who.int/choice/documents/making_fair_choices/en/

Figure 2:
Original figure by authors.

Figure 3:
Assessing national capacity for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: global survey. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276609/9789241514781-eng.pdf

Figure 4:
With the exception of the following:
China: >40% of total household income
Iran: >40% of capacity to pay (household income remaining after basic needs have been met)

Jan S, Laba TL, Essue BM, et al. Action to address the household economic burden of non-communicable diseases. Lancet. 2018 May 19;391(10134):2047–2058.