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Highly effective prophylactic vaccines are available for two of the most important cancer-causing infections, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) (see Infection). In 2022, there were an estimated 254 million people globally with chronic HBV infection; HBV infection causes nearly one million deaths annually, mostly from cirrhosis and1

Modifiable risk factors cause a large proportion of cancer cases and deaths. A recent study shows that an estimated 40% of all cancer cases and 44% of cancer deaths in the United States are attributable to a combination of modifiable risk factors, including tobacco use, excess body fatness, and alcohol1

Excess body fatness – overweight and obesity – has been linked to at least 13 types of cancer. Overall, approximately 4.5% of all cancer deaths globally are attributable to excess body fatness, varying from <1% in low-income countries to 7-8% in some high-income countries. The proportion of deaths linked to1

The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region has doubled in population size over the last half-century to 665 million inhabitants today. About 1.5 million new cancer cases and 741,000 cancer deaths, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers, are estimated to occur in the LAC region in 2022. The five most common1

This World Wide Web site with its home page in the domain “cancer.org” (the “Website”) is a complimentary information service offered by the American Cancer Society, Inc. (“ACS”) at no charge to users of the World Wide Web, with the express condition that these users agree to be bound by1

Each country has opportunities to prevent and control cancer through resource-stratified evidence-based interventions across the entire cancer care continuum, from risk factor prevention, early detection and timely diagnosis, to quality treatment, survivorship, palliative care, and end-of-life care (Figure 32.1).

There are two approaches to early detection – screening and early diagnosis. Screening aims to detect cancers or pre-cancerous lesions in otherwise healthy and asymptomatic individuals, whereas early diagnosis identifies symptomatic cancers at the earliest possible stage (Figure 36.1).

About 30% of individuals facing serious health-related suffering are affected by cancer (Figure 38.1). Cancer pain remains a common and distressing symptom both during treatment and in survivorship, affecting approximately half of all cancer patients and two-thirds of those with advanced disease.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the principal cause of common skin cancers: keratinocyte cancers (basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, referred to as non-melanoma skin cancer in the remaining chapters) and cutaneous melanomas. Each year, more than 332,000 new cases of melanoma occur globally, resulting in more than 59,000 deaths. It1