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Cancer in Oceania
There are growing health challenges faced by many countries and territories in Oceania, with a rise in the burden of lifestyle-related diseases such as cancer exacerbated by the impact of climate change. Annually, Oceania has an estimated 197,000 new cancer cases and 73,000 cancer deaths, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers. Cancer1
Vaccination
Highly effective prophylactic vaccines are available for two of the most important cancer-causing infections, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) (see Infection). In 2022, there were an estimated 254 million people globally with chronic HBV infection; HBV infection causes nearly one million deaths annually, mostly from cirrhosis and1
Cancer in Indigenous Populations
Cancer remains a stark example of the deep inequities in health care faced by Indigenous communities. The United Nations reports that over 476 million Indigenous people reside in over 90 countries across the globe, representing 6.2% of the world’s total population. Despite being a numerical minority worldwide, Indigenous people contribute1
Health Promotion
Modifiable risk factors cause a large proportion of cancer cases and deaths. A recent study shows that an estimated 40% of all cancer cases and 44% of cancer deaths in the United States are attributable to a combination of modifiable risk factors, including tobacco use, excess body fatness, and alcohol1
Tobacco Control
Curbing the tobacco epidemic is a global health priority to reduce the burden of cancer and other chronic diseases. The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the first global public health treaty, entered into force in 2005 and developed a set of six key tobacco-control measures (MPOWER, Map1
Global Relay For Life
What started with one person in the US in 1985 to raise money and awareness has become a true global movement against cancer, uniting people in 35 countries (Figure 44.1) to do what no one country or organization can do alone: build a world free from cancer. Across the globe,1
Body Fatness, Physical Activity, and Diet
Excess body fatness – overweight and obesity – has been linked to at least 13 types of cancer. Overall, approximately 4.5% of all cancer deaths globally are attributable to excess body fatness, varying from <1% in low-income countries to 7-8% in some high-income countries. The proportion of deaths linked to1
Early Detection
There are two approaches to early detection – screening and early diagnosis. Screening aims to detect cancers or pre-cancerous lesions in otherwise healthy and asymptomatic individuals, whereas early diagnosis identifies symptomatic cancers at the earliest possible stage (Figure 36.1).
Uniting Organizations
The cancer community is united behind the common goal of advancing health equity in cancer control. Equity is at the forefront of the global cancer community’s efforts to work toward a world where we can greatly reduce the risk of cancer and ensure that those who have cancer have access1